/*
 * Meridian theme for OJS 3.5
 * Base: variables, reset, typography, layout, buttons and forms.
 * Colours: --mrd-primary and --mrd-accent are set by the theme (inline CSS)
 * from the publisher or journal settings.
 */
:root {
    --mrd-primary: #16244A;
    --mrd-accent: #9E1B32;
    --mrd-on-primary: #fff;
    --mrd-text: #1F1F1F;
    --mrd-text-2: #3D4250;
    --mrd-muted: #5E6573;
    --mrd-line: #D9DCE2;
    --mrd-line-2: #E8EAEE;
    --mrd-surface: #F3F4F6;
    --mrd-surface-2: #F8F9FA;
    --mrd-white: #fff;
    --mrd-band-1: #3E5FD6;
    --mrd-band-2: #E9A23B;
    --mrd-band-3: #C93C7A;
    --mrd-band-4: #E2603F;
    --mrd-font: "Inter", system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif;
    --mrd-radius: 2px;
    --mrd-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(16, 24, 40, .06), 0 6px 18px rgba(16, 24, 40, .10);
    --mrd-cover-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(16, 24, 40, .10), 0 10px 24px rgba(16, 24, 40, .16);
    --mrd-container: 1240px;
    --mrd-gutter: 24px;
    --mrd-focus: 0 0 0 3px rgba(62, 95, 214, .35);
}

*, *::before, *::after { box-sizing: border-box; }

html { -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; text-size-adjust: 100%; scroll-padding-top: 16px; }

body.mrd {
    margin: 0;
    background: var(--mrd-white);
    color: var(--mrd-text);
    font-family: var(--mrd-font);
    font-size: 16px;
    line-height: 1.55;
    font-feature-settings: "cv11", "ss01";
    -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
    -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
    text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;
}

:where(.mrd) img, :where(.mrd) svg, :where(.mrd) video { max-width: 100%; }
:where(.mrd) img { height: auto; }
:where(.mrd) a { color: var(--mrd-primary); text-decoration-thickness: 1px; text-underline-offset: .18em; }
:where(.mrd) a:hover { color: var(--mrd-accent); }
:where(.mrd) :focus-visible { outline: 2px solid var(--mrd-band-1); outline-offset: 2px; }
:where(.mrd) h1, :where(.mrd) h2, :where(.mrd) h3, :where(.mrd) h4, :where(.mrd) h5, :where(.mrd) h6 { color: var(--mrd-text); font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.25; margin: 0 0 .5em; letter-spacing: -.01em; }
:where(.mrd) p { margin: 0 0 1em; }
:where(.mrd) ul, :where(.mrd) ol { margin-top: 0; }
:where(.mrd) hr { border: 0; border-top: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); margin: 2rem 0; }
:where(.mrd) table { border-collapse: collapse; }
:where(.mrd) button, :where(.mrd) input, :where(.mrd) select, :where(.mrd) textarea { font: inherit; color: inherit; }

.pkp_screen_reader {
    position: absolute !important; width: 1px; height: 1px; padding: 0; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden;
    clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); white-space: nowrap; border: 0;
}
.cmp_skip_to_content a {
    position: absolute; left: -9999px; top: 8px; z-index: 1000;
    background: var(--mrd-white); color: var(--mrd-primary); padding: 10px 16px; font-weight: 600; box-shadow: var(--mrd-shadow);
}
.cmp_skip_to_content a:focus { left: 16px; }

.mrd-container { width: 100%; max-width: var(--mrd-container); margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 var(--mrd-gutter); }
.mrd-page { min-height: 100vh; display: flex; flex-direction: column; }
.mrd-content { flex: 1 0 auto; }
.mrd-content.has-blocks { width: 100%; max-width: var(--mrd-container); margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 var(--mrd-gutter); display: grid; grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) 280px; gap: 48px; }
.mrd-content.has-blocks .mrd-container { padding: 0; }
.mrd-main { display: block; min-width: 0; }

.mrd-icon { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; line-height: 0; vertical-align: -0.2em; }
.mrd-icon svg { width: 1.05em; height: 1.05em; }

/* Band: four colour segments under the header and above the footer */
.mrd-band { display: flex; height: 4px; width: 100%; }
.mrd-band > span { flex: 1 1 25%; }
.mrd-band > span:nth-child(1) { background: var(--mrd-band-1); }
.mrd-band > span:nth-child(2) { background: var(--mrd-band-2); }
.mrd-band > span:nth-child(3) { background: var(--mrd-band-3); }
.mrd-band > span:nth-child(4) { background: var(--mrd-band-4); }
.mrd-no-band .mrd-band { display: none; }

/* Buttons */
.mrd-btn, .mrd .cmp_button, .mrd button.submit, .mrd .pkp_button_primary {
    display: inline-flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; gap: .5em;
    min-height: 44px; padding: 10px 22px;
    border: 2px solid var(--mrd-primary); border-radius: var(--mrd-radius);
    background: var(--mrd-primary); color: var(--mrd-on-primary);
    font-weight: 600; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.2; text-decoration: none; text-align: center;
    cursor: pointer; transition: background-color .15s, color .15s, border-color .15s;
}
.mrd a.mrd-btn, .mrd a.mrd-btn:hover { text-decoration: none; }
.mrd-btn:hover, .mrd .cmp_button:hover, .mrd button.submit:hover { background: color-mix(in srgb, var(--mrd-primary) 85%, #000); border-color: color-mix(in srgb, var(--mrd-primary) 85%, #000); color: var(--mrd-on-primary); }
.mrd-btn-primary { background: var(--mrd-primary); border-color: var(--mrd-primary); }
.mrd-btn-accent { background: var(--mrd-primary); border-color: var(--mrd-primary); }
.mrd-btn-outline, .mrd a.mrd-btn-outline { background: transparent; color: var(--mrd-primary); }
.mrd-btn-outline:hover, .mrd a.mrd-btn-outline:hover { background: var(--mrd-primary); color: var(--mrd-on-primary); }
.mrd-btn-light, .mrd a.mrd-btn-light { background: var(--mrd-white); border-color: var(--mrd-white); color: var(--mrd-primary); }
.mrd-btn-light:hover, .mrd a.mrd-btn-light:hover { background: transparent; color: var(--mrd-white); border-color: var(--mrd-white); }
.mrd-btn-small { min-height: 36px; padding: 6px 14px; font-size: .9rem; }
.mrd-linkbutton { background: none; border: 0; padding: 0; color: var(--mrd-primary); font-weight: 600; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: underline; text-underline-offset: .18em; }
.mrd-linkbutton:hover { color: var(--mrd-accent); }
.mrd-link-more { font-weight: 600; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; }
.mrd a.mrd-link-more { color: var(--mrd-primary); text-decoration: none; }
.mrd a.mrd-link-more:hover { text-decoration: underline; color: var(--mrd-accent); }
.mrd-actions { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 12px; margin-top: 20px; }

/* Forms */
.mrd input[type="text"], .mrd input[type="search"], .mrd input[type="email"], .mrd input[type="password"], .mrd input[type="number"],
.mrd input[type="url"], .mrd input[type="tel"], .mrd select, .mrd textarea {
    width: 100%; min-height: 44px; padding: 9px 12px;
    border: 1px solid #B9BEC8; border-radius: var(--mrd-radius);
    background: var(--mrd-white); color: var(--mrd-text); font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.4;
}
.mrd textarea { min-height: 120px; resize: vertical; }
.mrd select {
    appearance: none; -webkit-appearance: none; padding-right: 36px; cursor: pointer;
    background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='12' height='8' viewBox='0 0 12 8'%3E%3Cpath d='M1 1.5l5 5 5-5' fill='none' stroke='%231F1F1F' stroke-width='1.8' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");
    background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: right 12px center;
}
.mrd input:focus, .mrd select:focus, .mrd textarea:focus { outline: none; border-color: var(--mrd-primary); box-shadow: var(--mrd-focus); }
.mrd input[type="checkbox"], .mrd input[type="radio"] { width: 20px; height: 20px; margin: 0; accent-color: var(--mrd-primary); flex: none; cursor: pointer; }
.mrd label { cursor: pointer; }
.mrd-field { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 6px; }
.mrd-field > label, .mrd-field legend { font-weight: 600; font-size: .95rem; }
.mrd-field-pair { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 12px; }
.mrd-field-pair label { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 6px; font-weight: 500; }
.mrd-help { color: var(--mrd-muted); font-size: .9rem; margin: 6px 0 0; }
.mrd-alert, .mrd .cmp_notification {
    padding: 14px 18px; border: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); border-left: 4px solid var(--mrd-accent);
    background: var(--mrd-surface-2); margin: 0 0 20px; border-radius: var(--mrd-radius);
}
.mrd .cmp_notification.warning { border-left-color: var(--mrd-band-2); }
.mrd-empty { color: var(--mrd-muted); }
.mrd-empty-block { padding: 40px 24px; border: 1px dashed var(--mrd-line); text-align: center; background: var(--mrd-surface-2); }
.mrd-empty-block h2, .mrd-empty-block h3 { font-size: 1.2rem; }
.mrd-empty-block p { color: var(--mrd-muted); }

/* Prose: content entered in OJS */
.mrd-prose { font-size: 1.0625rem; line-height: 1.65; color: var(--mrd-text); overflow-wrap: anywhere; }
.mrd-prose h1 { font-size: 1.9rem; }
.mrd-prose h2 { font-size: 1.5rem; margin-top: 1.6em; }
.mrd-prose h3 { font-size: 1.2rem; margin-top: 1.4em; }
.mrd-prose h4 { font-size: 1.05rem; margin-top: 1.2em; }
.mrd-prose > :first-child { margin-top: 0; }
.mrd-prose ul, .mrd-prose ol { padding-left: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1em; }
.mrd-prose li { margin-bottom: .35em; }
.mrd-prose blockquote { margin: 1.4em 0; padding: .4em 0 .4em 1.2em; border-left: 3px solid var(--mrd-accent); color: var(--mrd-text-2); }
.mrd-prose table { width: 100%; margin: 1.4em 0; font-size: .95rem; display: block; overflow-x: auto; }
.mrd-prose th, .mrd-prose td { border: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); padding: 8px 10px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; }
.mrd-prose th { background: var(--mrd-surface); font-weight: 600; }
.mrd-prose img { display: inline-block; }
.mrd-prose-wrap { padding-top: 8px; padding-bottom: 64px; }

/* Breadcrumb and page heading */
.mrd-breadcrumb { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 8px; align-items: center; font-size: .95rem; color: var(--mrd-text-2); margin: 0 0 18px; }
.mrd-breadcrumb a { color: var(--mrd-text); text-decoration: underline; }
.mrd-breadcrumb a:hover { color: var(--mrd-accent); }
.mrd-breadcrumb [aria-hidden="true"] { color: var(--mrd-muted); }
.mrd-pagehead { padding: 40px 0 0; }
.mrd-pagehead .mrd-container { padding-bottom: 32px; position: relative; }
.mrd-pagehead .mrd-container::after { content: ""; position: absolute; left: var(--mrd-gutter); right: var(--mrd-gutter); bottom: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); }
.mrd-pagehead h1 { font-size: clamp(1.75rem, 1.2rem + 1.8vw, 2.35rem); font-weight: 700; margin: 0 0 12px; letter-spacing: -.02em; }
.mrd-pagehead-intro { max-width: 760px; font-size: 1.15rem; line-height: 1.55; color: var(--mrd-text-2); margin: 0; }
.mrd-pagehead-actions { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 12px; margin: 24px 0 8px; }

/* Sections */
.mrd-section { padding: 56px 0; }
.mrd-section-tight { padding: 32px 0; }
.mrd-section-surface { background: var(--mrd-surface); }
.mrd-section-head { display: flex; align-items: flex-end; justify-content: space-between; gap: 16px 32px; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 28px; }
.mrd-section-head h2 { font-size: clamp(1.6rem, 1.2rem + 1.4vw, 2.2rem); font-weight: 600; margin: 0 0 6px; letter-spacing: -.02em; }
.mrd-section-head p { margin: 0; color: var(--mrd-text-2); font-size: 1.05rem; }
.mrd-section-head .mrd-link-more { font-size: 1.05rem; margin-bottom: 4px; }
.mrd-section-head-small { margin-bottom: 16px; align-items: center; }
.mrd-section-head-small h2 { font-size: 1.4rem; margin: 0; }

/* Cards */
.mrd-card-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(280px, 1fr)); gap: 24px; }
.mrd-card-grid-wide { grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(330px, 1fr)); }
.mrd-card { background: var(--mrd-white); border: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); padding: 24px; border-radius: var(--mrd-radius); }
.mrd-card-rule { border-top: 3px solid var(--mrd-accent); }
.mrd-card h2, .mrd-card h3 { font-size: 1.15rem; margin: 0 0 8px; }
.mrd-card h2 a, .mrd-card h3 a { color: var(--mrd-text); text-decoration: none; }
.mrd-card h2 a:hover, .mrd-card h3 a:hover { color: var(--mrd-accent); text-decoration: underline; }
.mrd-card-kicker { font-size: .8rem; letter-spacing: .06em; text-transform: uppercase; font-weight: 600; color: var(--mrd-accent); margin: 0 0 8px; }

/* Panels (side columns) */
.mrd-panel { padding: 24px 0; border-top: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); }
.mrd-panel h2 { font-size: 1.15rem; margin: 0 0 12px; }
.mrd-panel p { color: var(--mrd-text-2); }
.mrd-panel-dark { background: var(--mrd-primary); color: var(--mrd-on-primary); padding: 28px 28px 30px; border-top: 0; }
.mrd-panel-dark h2 { color: var(--mrd-on-primary); font-size: 1.3rem; font-weight: 700; }
.mrd-panel-dark p { color: color-mix(in srgb, var(--mrd-on-primary) 86%, transparent); }
.mrd-panel-dark a:not(.mrd-btn) { color: var(--mrd-on-primary); }
.mrd-panel-links { list-style: none; padding: 0; margin: 0 0 20px; display: grid; gap: 8px; }
.mrd-panel-links a { font-weight: 600; }
.mrd-side-links { list-style: none; padding: 0; margin: 0 0 18px; display: grid; gap: 2px; }
.mrd-side-links a { display: block; padding: 7px 0; color: var(--mrd-text); text-decoration: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--mrd-line-2); }
.mrd-side-links a:hover { color: var(--mrd-accent); }

/* Tabs */
.mrd-tablist { display: flex; gap: 4px 28px; flex-wrap: wrap; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); margin-bottom: 24px; }
.mrd-tablist [role="tab"] {
    position: relative; background: none; border: 0; padding: 12px 2px; margin-bottom: -1px; cursor: pointer;
    font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.02rem; color: var(--mrd-muted); border-bottom: 3px solid transparent;
}
.mrd-tablist [role="tab"]:hover { color: var(--mrd-text); }
.mrd-tablist [role="tab"][aria-selected="true"] { color: var(--mrd-text); border-bottom-color: var(--mrd-accent); }
.mrd-tabpanel[hidden] { display: none; }

/* Pagination */
.mrd-pagination, .mrd .cmp_pagination { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; align-items: center; gap: 6px; margin: 32px 0 0; }
.mrd-pagination a, .mrd-pagination span, .mrd .cmp_pagination a {
    min-width: 40px; height: 40px; padding: 0 10px; display: inline-flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center;
    border: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); color: var(--mrd-text); text-decoration: none; font-weight: 600;
}
.mrd-pagination .is-current { background: var(--mrd-primary); border-color: var(--mrd-primary); color: var(--mrd-on-primary); }
.mrd-pagination span[aria-hidden="true"] { border: 0; }
.mrd .cmp_pagination .current { padding: 0 8px; color: var(--mrd-muted); }
/*
 * Header: top bar, publisher header and menus, journal masthead and the
 * journal navigation.
 */

/* Maintenance notice */
.mrd-maintenance, .mrd-notice { background: #FFF6E0; border-bottom: 1px solid #F0D9A0; font-size: .95rem; }
.mrd-maintenance .mrd-container, .mrd-notice .mrd-container { display: flex; gap: 10px; align-items: center; padding-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; }

/* Top bar */
.mrd-topbar { background: var(--mrd-primary); color: var(--mrd-on-primary); font-size: .95rem; }
.mrd-topbar-inner { display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: space-between; gap: 16px; min-height: 40px; }
.mrd-topbar-text { overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap; }
.mrd-topbar-nav ul { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; display: flex; gap: 6px 28px; align-items: center; }
.mrd-topbar-nav li { position: relative; }
.mrd-topbar-nav a { color: var(--mrd-on-primary); text-decoration: none; font-weight: 500; display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 6px; padding: 9px 0; }
.mrd-topbar-nav a:hover, .mrd-topbar-nav a:focus { color: var(--mrd-on-primary); text-decoration: underline; }
.mrd-topbar-nav .task_count { display: inline-flex; min-width: 20px; height: 20px; padding: 0 6px; border-radius: 10px; align-items: center; justify-content: center; background: var(--mrd-white); color: var(--mrd-primary); font-size: .75rem; font-weight: 700; }
/* User menu dropdown (logged in) */
.mrd-topbar-nav li > ul {
    display: none; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 100%; z-index: 60; min-width: 220px; flex-direction: column; align-items: stretch; gap: 0;
    background: var(--mrd-white); border: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); box-shadow: var(--mrd-shadow); padding: 6px 0;
}
.mrd-topbar-nav li:hover > ul, .mrd-topbar-nav li:focus-within > ul { display: flex; }
.mrd-topbar-nav li > ul a { color: var(--mrd-text); padding: 9px 16px; display: flex; }
.mrd-topbar-nav li > ul a:hover { background: var(--mrd-surface); color: var(--mrd-text); }
/* Register and Login icons */
.mrd-topbar-nav a[href*="/user/register"]::before, .mrd-topbar-nav a[href*="/login"]::before {
    content: ""; width: 17px; height: 17px; background: currentColor; flex: none;
    -webkit-mask: var(--mrd-i) center / contain no-repeat; mask: var(--mrd-i) center / contain no-repeat;
}
.mrd-topbar-nav a[href*="/user/register"]::before { --mrd-i: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 24'%3E%3Cpath d='M12 2a10 10 0 100 20 10 10 0 000-20zm0 4a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 010-7zm0 14a8 8 0 01-6.3-3.1C7 15 9.4 14 12 14s5 1 6.3 2.9A8 8 0 0112 20z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); }
.mrd-topbar-nav a[href*="/login"]::before { --mrd-i: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 24'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 17l1.4-1.4-2.6-2.6H20v-2H8.8l2.6-2.6L10 7l-5 5 5 5zM4 5h6V3H4a2 2 0 00-2 2v14a2 2 0 002 2h6v-2H4V5z' transform='matrix(-1 0 0 1 24 0)'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); }
.mrd-context-publisher .mrd-topbar-nav a::before { display: none; }

/* Publisher header */
.mrd-header { background: var(--mrd-white); position: relative; z-index: 40; }
.mrd-header-inner { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; align-items: center; gap: 0 40px; min-height: 84px; padding-top: 14px; padding-bottom: 14px; }
.mrd-brand { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 14px; text-decoration: none; color: var(--mrd-text); min-width: 0; }
.mrd a.mrd-brand, .mrd a.mrd-brand:hover { color: var(--mrd-text); text-decoration: none; }
.mrd-brand-logo { display: block; height: 52px; width: auto; max-width: 280px; object-fit: contain; }
.mrd-brand-logo-only .mrd-brand-logo { height: 56px; max-width: 340px; }
.mrd-brand-copy { display: flex; flex-direction: column; min-width: 0; }
.mrd-brand-name { font-weight: 700; font-size: 1.1rem; line-height: 1.2; letter-spacing: -.01em; }
.mrd-brand-tagline { font-size: .78rem; line-height: 1.35; color: var(--mrd-muted); max-width: 290px; margin-top: 2px; }

.mrd-header-nav { flex: 1 1 auto; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: flex-end; gap: 16px 0; min-width: 0; }
.mrd-header-actions:has(> *) { margin-left: 32px; }
.mrd-publisher-nav { min-width: 0; }
.mrd-menu { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; align-items: center; gap: 4px 30px; }
.mrd-menu > li { position: relative; }
.mrd-menu a { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 4px; padding: 10px 0; color: var(--mrd-text); text-decoration: none; font-weight: 500; font-size: 1.06rem; white-space: nowrap; }
.mrd .mrd-menu a:hover { color: var(--mrd-text); text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: var(--mrd-accent); text-decoration-thickness: 2px; text-underline-offset: 8px; }
.mrd-menu .current > a, .mrd-menu a[aria-current="page"] { text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: var(--mrd-accent); text-decoration-thickness: 2px; text-underline-offset: 8px; }
.mrd-menu-caret { font-size: .7em; color: var(--mrd-muted); }
.mrd-menu li > ul {
    display: none; position: absolute; left: -16px; top: 100%; z-index: 60; min-width: 240px; list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 8px 0;
    background: var(--mrd-white); border: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); box-shadow: var(--mrd-shadow);
}
.mrd-menu li:hover > ul, .mrd-menu li:focus-within > ul { display: block; }
.mrd-menu li > ul a { display: block; padding: 9px 16px; font-size: .98rem; white-space: normal; }
.mrd-menu li > ul a:hover { background: var(--mrd-surface); text-decoration: none; }
.mrd-header-actions { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 12px; flex: none; }
.mrd-header-actions:not(:has(> *)) { display: none; }

/* Header search */
.mrd-header-search { display: flex; align-items: stretch; width: 340px; max-width: 100%; }
.mrd .mrd-header-search input { min-height: 44px; border-right: 0; border-radius: var(--mrd-radius) 0 0 var(--mrd-radius); font-size: 1rem; }
.mrd-header-search button {
    flex: none; width: 48px; display: inline-flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; border: 0; cursor: pointer;
    background: var(--mrd-primary); color: var(--mrd-on-primary); border-radius: 0 var(--mrd-radius) var(--mrd-radius) 0;
}
.mrd-header-search button:hover { background: color-mix(in srgb, var(--mrd-primary) 82%, #000); }

/* Publisher site: brand on the first row, menu and search on the second */
.mrd-context-publisher .mrd-header-inner { padding-bottom: 0; }
.mrd-context-publisher .mrd-header-nav { flex-basis: 100%; justify-content: space-between; padding: 8px 0 12px; }

/* Menu button (narrow screens) */
.mrd-nav-toggle { display: none; margin-left: auto; width: 46px; height: 46px; border: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); background: var(--mrd-white); border-radius: var(--mrd-radius); cursor: pointer; position: relative; }
.mrd-nav-toggle-bar, .mrd-nav-toggle-bar::before, .mrd-nav-toggle-bar::after { position: absolute; left: 12px; right: 12px; height: 2px; background: var(--mrd-text); content: ""; transition: transform .2s, opacity .2s; }
.mrd-nav-toggle-bar { top: 50%; margin-top: -1px; }
.mrd-nav-toggle-bar::before { left: 0; right: 0; top: -7px; }
.mrd-nav-toggle-bar::after { left: 0; right: 0; top: 7px; }
.mrd-nav-toggle[aria-expanded="true"] .mrd-nav-toggle-bar { background: transparent; }
.mrd-nav-toggle[aria-expanded="true"] .mrd-nav-toggle-bar::before { transform: translateY(7px) rotate(45deg); }
.mrd-nav-toggle[aria-expanded="true"] .mrd-nav-toggle-bar::after { transform: translateY(-7px) rotate(-45deg); }

/* Journal masthead (design 1) */
.mrd-masthead { background: var(--mrd-surface); }
.mrd-masthead-inner { display: grid; grid-template-columns: auto minmax(0, 1fr) auto; gap: 24px 40px; align-items: center; padding-top: 32px; padding-bottom: 34px; }
.mrd-cover {
    position: relative; display: flex; flex-direction: column; overflow: hidden; text-decoration: none;
    aspect-ratio: 5 / 7; background: var(--mrd-primary); color: var(--mrd-on-primary); box-shadow: var(--mrd-cover-shadow);
}
.mrd-cover.has-image { background: var(--mrd-white); }
.mrd-cover img { display: block; width: 100%; height: 100%; object-fit: cover; }
.mrd-cover:not(.has-image) { padding: 14px 14px 0; }
.mrd-cover-issn { font-size: .6rem; letter-spacing: .04em; text-transform: uppercase; opacity: .85; text-align: right; }
.mrd-cover-title { font-weight: 700; font-size: .95rem; line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 18%; overflow-wrap: anywhere; hyphens: auto; }
.mrd-cover-band { position: absolute; left: 0; right: 0; bottom: 0; height: 6px; display: flex; }
.mrd-tone-2:not(.has-image) { background: #234B6B; }
.mrd-tone-3:not(.has-image) { background: #8F2437; }
.mrd-tone-4:not(.has-image) { background: #2F5D50; }
.mrd-tone-5:not(.has-image) { background: #5B3B7A; }
.mrd-tone-6:not(.has-image) { background: #7A4B1F; }
.mrd-masthead-cover { width: 124px; }
.mrd-masthead-cover:not(.has-image) .mrd-cover-title { font-size: .85rem; }
.mrd-masthead-copy { min-width: 0; }
.mrd-masthead-kicker { margin: 0 0 6px; font-size: 1rem; color: var(--mrd-text-2); }
.mrd-masthead-titlerow { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 16px; }
.mrd-masthead-title { margin: 0 0 10px; font-size: clamp(1.6rem, 1.1rem + 1.6vw, 2.35rem); font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.15; letter-spacing: -.02em; }
.mrd .mrd-masthead-title a { color: var(--mrd-primary); text-decoration: none; }
.mrd .mrd-masthead-title a:hover { text-decoration: underline; }
.mrd-masthead-logo { display: block; max-height: 90px; width: auto; }
.mrd-masthead-meta { list-style: none; margin: 0 0 14px; padding: 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 4px 34px; font-size: 1rem; color: var(--mrd-text-2); }
.mrd .mrd-issn-link { color: inherit; text-decoration: none; }
.mrd .mrd-issn-link:hover { text-decoration: underline; color: var(--mrd-primary); }
.mrd-masthead-links { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 6px 32px; }
.mrd .mrd-masthead-links a { color: var(--mrd-text); font-weight: 600; text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-thickness: 2px; text-underline-offset: .25em; }
.mrd .mrd-masthead-links a:hover { color: var(--mrd-primary); }
.mrd-masthead-actions { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 12px; min-width: 220px; }
.mrd-masthead-actions .mrd-btn { width: 100%; font-size: 1.05rem; min-height: 44px; }
.mrd-masthead-actions .mrd-btn-outline { background: var(--mrd-white); }
.mrd-masthead-actions .mrd-btn-outline:hover { background: var(--mrd-primary); }
.mrd-owner-mark img { max-height: 48px; width: auto; }
.mrd-published-by a { color: inherit; }

/* Compact masthead on the article page */
.mrd-masthead.is-compact .mrd-masthead-inner { padding-top: 16px; padding-bottom: 16px; gap: 16px 24px; }
.mrd-masthead.is-compact .mrd-masthead-cover { width: 64px; }
.mrd-masthead.is-compact .mrd-masthead-kicker, .mrd-masthead.is-compact .mrd-masthead-links { display: none; }
.mrd-masthead.is-compact .mrd-masthead-title { font-size: 1.5rem; margin-bottom: 4px; }
.mrd-masthead.is-compact .mrd-masthead-meta { margin: 0; font-size: .92rem; }
.mrd-masthead.is-compact .mrd-masthead-actions { flex-direction: row; min-width: 0; }
.mrd-masthead.is-compact .mrd-masthead-actions .mrd-btn { width: auto; font-size: .95rem; min-height: 40px; padding: 8px 16px; }

/* Masthead design 2 (homepage image and metrics) */
.mrd-mh2-inner { display: grid; grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) minmax(0, 1fr); min-height: 300px; }
.mrd-mh2-inner.is-brand-only { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
.mrd-mh2-brand { display: flex; justify-content: flex-end; }
.mrd-mh2-brand-inner { width: 100%; max-width: calc(var(--mrd-container) / 2); padding: 28px 40px 32px var(--mrd-gutter); }
.mrd-mh2-inner.is-brand-only .mrd-mh2-brand-inner { max-width: var(--mrd-container); margin: 0 auto; padding-right: var(--mrd-gutter); }
.mrd-mh2-id { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 18px; margin-bottom: 14px; }
.mrd-mh2-cover { width: 92px; flex: none; }
.mrd-mh2-id .mrd-masthead-title { margin: 0; }
.mrd-mh2-line { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 4px 24px; color: var(--mrd-text-2); margin: 0 0 18px; }
.mrd-mh2-meta { display: inline-flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 4px 24px; }
.mrd-mh2-actions { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 12px; }
.mrd-mh2-visual { position: relative; min-height: 260px; background: var(--mrd-primary); overflow: hidden; }
.mrd-mh2-image img { position: absolute; inset: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; object-fit: cover; }
.mrd-mh2-metrics { position: absolute; left: 0; right: 0; bottom: 0; margin: 0; padding: 14px 24px; list-style: none; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 12px 32px; background: rgba(10, 16, 32, .78); color: #fff; }
.mrd-mh2-metrics a { color: #fff; text-decoration: none; }
.mrd-mh2-metric-value { display: block; font-size: 1.4rem; font-weight: 700; }
.mrd-mh2-metric-label { display: block; font-size: .85rem; opacity: .9; }

/* Masthead design 3 (current issue and insights) */
.mrd-mh3-inner { padding-top: 28px; padding-bottom: 28px; }
.mrd-mh3-head { margin-bottom: 22px; }
.mrd-mh3-meta { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 4px 26px; color: var(--mrd-text-2); margin: 0; }
.mrd-mh3-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1.2fr) minmax(0, .8fr) minmax(0, 1.2fr); gap: 32px; align-items: start; }
.mrd-mh3-issue { display: flex; gap: 18px; }
.mrd-mh3-cover { width: 110px; flex: none; }
.mrd-mh3-issue-copy h2 { font-size: .85rem; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: .06em; color: var(--mrd-muted); margin: 0 0 6px; }
.mrd-mh3-issue-title { display: block; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.1rem; margin-bottom: 10px; }
.mrd-mh3-download { display: inline-flex; gap: 6px; align-items: center; font-weight: 600; margin-bottom: 10px; }
.mrd-mh3-issue-links { list-style: none; padding: 0; margin: 0; display: grid; gap: 4px; }
.mrd-mh3-actions { display: grid; gap: 10px; }
.mrd-mh3-btn { display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: space-between; gap: 8px; padding: 11px 16px; border: 2px solid var(--mrd-primary); color: var(--mrd-primary); font-weight: 600; text-decoration: none; background: var(--mrd-white); }
.mrd a.mrd-mh3-btn:hover { background: var(--mrd-primary); color: var(--mrd-on-primary); }
.mrd a.mrd-mh3-btn.is-primary { background: var(--mrd-primary); color: var(--mrd-on-primary); }
.mrd-mh3-insights h2 { font-size: 1.05rem; margin: 0 0 12px; }
.mrd-mh3-metrics { list-style: none; padding: 0; margin: 0 0 12px; display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 14px 20px; }
.mrd-mh3-metric-value { display: block; font-size: 1.5rem; font-weight: 700; color: var(--mrd-primary); }
.mrd-mh3-metric-label { display: block; font-size: .88rem; color: var(--mrd-text-2); }
.mrd-mh3-info-btn { width: 18px; height: 18px; border-radius: 50%; border: 1px solid currentColor; background: none; font-size: .7rem; padding: 0; cursor: pointer; }
.mrd-mh3-metric-info { display: block; font-size: .82rem; color: var(--mrd-muted); margin-top: 4px; }

/* Journal navigation */
.mrd-journal-nav { background: var(--mrd-white); border-top: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); border-bottom: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); }
.mrd-journal-nav-inner { display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: space-between; gap: 8px 32px; min-height: 58px; }
.mrd-journal-menu { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; align-items: center; gap: 0 34px; }
.mrd-journal-menu > li { position: relative; }
.mrd-journal-menu a { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 8px; padding: 15px 0; color: var(--mrd-text); text-decoration: none; font-weight: 500; font-size: 1.06rem; white-space: nowrap; }
.mrd .mrd-journal-menu a:hover { color: var(--mrd-primary); text-decoration: underline; text-underline-offset: 6px; }
.mrd-journal-menu li > ul {
    display: none; position: absolute; left: -14px; top: 100%; z-index: 50; min-width: 240px; list-style: none; padding: 8px 0; margin: 0;
    background: var(--mrd-white); border: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); box-shadow: var(--mrd-shadow);
}
.mrd-journal-menu li:hover > ul, .mrd-journal-menu li:focus-within > ul { display: block; }
.mrd-journal-menu li > ul a { display: block; padding: 9px 16px; font-size: .98rem; white-space: normal; }
.mrd-journal-menu li > ul a::before { display: none; }
.mrd-journal-menu li > ul a:hover { background: var(--mrd-surface); text-decoration: none; }
/* Icons for the usual journal menu items */
.mrd-journal-menu > li > a::before {
    content: none; width: 18px; height: 18px; flex: none; background: currentColor;
    -webkit-mask: var(--mrd-i) center / contain no-repeat; mask: var(--mrd-i) center / contain no-repeat;
}
.mrd-journal-menu > li > a[href$="/index"]::before, .mrd-journal-menu > li:first-child > a[href]:not([href*="/issue/"]):not([href*="/about"]):not([href*="/announcement"])::before { content: ""; --mrd-i: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 24'%3E%3Cpath d='M12 3l10 9h-3v9h-5v-6h-4v6H5v-9H2z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); }
.mrd-journal-menu > li > a[href*="/issue/current"]::before { content: ""; --mrd-i: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 24'%3E%3Cpath d='M6 2h12a2 2 0 012 2v16a2 2 0 01-2 2H6a2 2 0 01-2-2V4a2 2 0 012-2zm1 4v2h10V6zm0 4v2h10v-2zm0 4v2h7v-2z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); }
.mrd-journal-menu > li > a[href*="/issue/archive"]::before { content: ""; --mrd-i: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 24'%3E%3Cpath d='M2 3h20v5H2zm1 6h18v11a1 1 0 01-1 1H4a1 1 0 01-1-1zm6 3v2h6v-2z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); }
.mrd-journal-menu > li > a[href*="/announcement"]::before { content: ""; --mrd-i: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 24' fill='none' stroke='%23000' stroke-width='2' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'%3E%3Cpath d='M18 8a6 6 0 00-12 0c0 7-3 9-3 9h18s-3-2-3-9M13.7 21a2 2 0 01-3.4 0'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); }
.mrd-journal-menu > li > a[href$="/about"]::before { content: ""; --mrd-i: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 24'%3E%3Cpath d='M12 2a10 10 0 100 20 10 10 0 000-20zm1 15h-2v-6h2zm0-8h-2V7h2z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); }
.mrd-journal-search { display: flex; align-items: stretch; width: 400px; max-width: 100%; }
.mrd .mrd-journal-search input { border-right: 0; border-radius: var(--mrd-radius) 0 0 var(--mrd-radius); min-height: 44px; }
.mrd-journal-search button { flex: none; border: 0; padding: 0 22px; background: var(--mrd-primary); color: var(--mrd-on-primary); font-weight: 600; cursor: pointer; border-radius: 0 var(--mrd-radius) var(--mrd-radius) 0; }
.mrd-journal-search button:hover { background: color-mix(in srgb, var(--mrd-primary) 82%, #000); }
/*
 * Publisher homepage: hero, journal shelf, article cards, subjects,
 * announcements, special issues, policies, audiences.
 */

/* Hero */
.mrd-hero { background: var(--mrd-surface); }
.mrd-hero-inner { display: grid; grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1.55fr) minmax(0, 1fr); gap: 48px; align-items: center; padding-top: 64px; padding-bottom: 72px; }
.mrd-hero h1 { font-size: clamp(2rem, 1.2rem + 3vw, 3.15rem); font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.12; letter-spacing: -.025em; margin: 0 0 22px; max-width: 900px; }
.mrd-hero-lead { font-size: clamp(1.05rem, .95rem + .45vw, 1.3rem); line-height: 1.5; color: var(--mrd-text-2); max-width: 640px; margin: 0 0 30px; }
.mrd-search { display: flex; align-items: stretch; max-width: 700px; background: var(--mrd-white); }
.mrd .mrd-search select { width: auto; flex: 0 0 auto; min-width: 118px; min-height: 56px; border-radius: var(--mrd-radius) 0 0 var(--mrd-radius); font-weight: 500; font-size: 1.05rem; padding-left: 16px; }
.mrd .mrd-search input { flex: 1 1 auto; min-width: 0; min-height: 56px; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; border-radius: 0; font-size: 1.05rem; padding: 10px 16px; }
.mrd-search button { flex: none; min-height: 56px; padding: 0 28px; border: 0; background: var(--mrd-primary); color: var(--mrd-on-primary); font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.1rem; cursor: pointer; border-radius: 0 var(--mrd-radius) var(--mrd-radius) 0; }
.mrd-search button:hover { background: color-mix(in srgb, var(--mrd-primary) 82%, #000); }
.mrd .mrd-search input::placeholder { color: #7A808C; }
.mrd-hero-links { list-style: none; padding: 0; margin: 26px 0 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 8px 32px; }
.mrd .mrd-hero-links a { color: var(--mrd-primary); font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.02rem; text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-thickness: 1.5px; text-underline-offset: .25em; }
.mrd .mrd-hero-links a:hover { color: var(--mrd-accent); }
/* Three journal covers, fanned */
.mrd-hero-covers { position: relative; height: 340px; }
.mrd-hero-cover { position: absolute; top: 50%; width: 46%; max-width: 210px; transform-origin: 50% 100%; }
.mrd-hero-cover.mrd-tone-1 { left: 4%; transform: translateY(-46%) rotate(-5deg); z-index: 1; }
.mrd-hero-cover.mrd-tone-2 { left: 28%; transform: translateY(-58%); z-index: 3; }
.mrd-hero-cover.mrd-tone-3 { left: 52%; transform: translateY(-46%) rotate(5deg); z-index: 2; }
.mrd-hero-facts { background: var(--mrd-white); border-top: 1px solid var(--mrd-line-2); border-bottom: 1px solid var(--mrd-line-2); }
.mrd-hero-facts ul { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 22px 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 10px 64px; }
.mrd-hero-facts li { display: flex; align-items: baseline; gap: 12px; font-size: 1.1rem; color: var(--mrd-text-2); }
.mrd-hero-facts strong { font-size: 1.8rem; font-weight: 700; color: var(--mrd-text); }

/* Journal shelf */
.mrd-journals { padding-top: 64px; }
.mrd-shelf { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(6, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: 32px 24px; }
.mrd-shelf-item { display: flex; flex-direction: column; min-width: 0; }
.mrd-shelf-item .mrd-cover { width: 100%; margin-bottom: 18px; transition: transform .2s, box-shadow .2s; }
.mrd-shelf-item .mrd-cover:hover { transform: translateY(-3px); box-shadow: 0 4px 8px rgba(16,24,40,.12), 0 16px 32px rgba(16,24,40,.18); }
.mrd-shelf-item h3 { font-size: 1.2rem; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0 0 6px; }
.mrd .mrd-shelf-item h3 a { color: var(--mrd-text); text-decoration: none; }
.mrd .mrd-shelf-item h3 a:hover { color: var(--mrd-primary); text-decoration: underline; }
.mrd-shelf-meta { margin: 0 0 14px; color: var(--mrd-text-2); font-size: 1.02rem; display: flex; flex-direction: column; }
.mrd-shelf-links { margin: auto 0 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 6px 22px; }
.mrd .mrd-shelf-links a { color: var(--mrd-primary); font-weight: 600; text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-thickness: 1.5px; text-underline-offset: .25em; }
.mrd .mrd-shelf-links a:hover { color: var(--mrd-accent); }

/* Latest research */
.mrd-research-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) 300px; gap: 48px; align-items: start; }
.mrd-research-aside { display: grid; gap: 24px; position: sticky; top: 24px; }
.mrd-research-aside .mrd-panel:not(.mrd-panel-dark) { border: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); padding: 24px; }
.mrd-research-aside .mrd-panel-dark h2 { font-size: 1.45rem; }

/* Article cards */
.mrd-acard { position: relative; display: grid; grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr); gap: 24px; padding: 22px 0 24px; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); }
.mrd-acard.is-featured.has-image { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) minmax(0, 300px); }
.mrd-acard.is-featured { padding-top: 6px; }
.mrd-acard-top { display: flex; align-items: center; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 6px 14px; margin-bottom: 8px; font-size: .9rem; }
.mrd-acard-type { color: var(--mrd-text-2); font-weight: 500; }
.mrd-acard-oa { display: inline-flex; color: var(--mrd-accent); }
.mrd-acard-pdf { margin-left: auto; display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 10px; color: var(--mrd-muted); font-size: .9rem; }
.mrd-acard-pdf a { display: inline-flex; color: var(--mrd-accent); }
.mrd-acard-title { font-size: 1.15rem; line-height: 1.35; font-weight: 600; margin: 0 0 8px; }
.mrd-acard.is-featured .mrd-acard-title { font-size: 1.4rem; line-height: 1.3; }
.mrd .mrd-acard-title a { color: var(--mrd-primary); text-decoration: none; }
.mrd .mrd-acard-title a:hover { text-decoration: underline; }
.mrd-acard-authors { color: var(--mrd-text-2); margin: 0 0 8px; font-size: .98rem; }
.mrd-acard-abstract { color: var(--mrd-text-2); margin: 0 0 10px; font-size: .96rem; display: -webkit-box; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; overflow: hidden; }
.mrd-acard:not(.is-featured) .mrd-acard-abstract { -webkit-line-clamp: 2; }
.mrd-acard-source { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 4px 16px; margin: 0; font-size: .9rem; color: var(--mrd-muted); }
.mrd .mrd-acard-journal { color: var(--mrd-text); font-weight: 600; font-style: italic; text-decoration: none; }
.mrd .mrd-acard-journal:hover { text-decoration: underline; }
.mrd-acard-image { display: block; align-self: start; border: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); background: var(--mrd-white); }
.mrd-acard-image img { display: block; width: 100%; aspect-ratio: 16 / 10; object-fit: contain; }
.mrd-acard-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: 0 32px; }
.mrd-acard-grid .mrd-acard-image { display: none; }
.mrd-showcase-more { margin: 18px 0 0; font-weight: 600; }
.mrd .mrd-showcase-more a { text-decoration: none; }

/* Subjects */
.mrd-subject-list { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(4, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: 0 40px; }
.mrd-subject-list li { border-top: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); }
.mrd-subject-list a { display: block; padding: 20px 0 26px; text-decoration: none; color: var(--mrd-text); }
.mrd-subject-name { display: block; font-size: 1.25rem; font-weight: 600; margin-bottom: 6px; }
.mrd-subject-desc { display: block; color: var(--mrd-text-2); font-size: 1.02rem; line-height: 1.55; }
.mrd .mrd-subject-list a:hover .mrd-subject-name { color: var(--mrd-primary); text-decoration: underline; }

/* Announcements */
.mrd-announcements .mrd-card { padding: 28px; }
.mrd-announcement-date { color: var(--mrd-text-2); margin: 0 0 14px; }
.mrd-announcement h3 { font-size: 1.3rem; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0 0 14px; }
.mrd .mrd-announcement h3 a { color: var(--mrd-text); text-decoration: none; }
.mrd .mrd-announcement h3 a:hover { color: var(--mrd-primary); text-decoration: underline; }
.mrd-announcement-summary { color: var(--mrd-text); font-size: 1.02rem; display: -webkit-box; -webkit-line-clamp: 7; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; overflow: hidden; margin-bottom: 14px; }
.mrd-announcement-summary p { margin: 0 0 .8em; }

/* Special issues, policies, audiences, about, partners */
.mrd-policy-grid { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(260px, 1fr)); gap: 24px; }
.mrd-policy { padding: 22px 24px; background: var(--mrd-surface); border-left: 4px solid var(--mrd-band-1); }
.mrd-hand-2 { border-left-color: var(--mrd-band-2); }
.mrd-hand-3 { border-left-color: var(--mrd-band-3); }
.mrd-hand-4 { border-left-color: var(--mrd-band-4); }
.mrd-policy h3 { font-size: 1.1rem; margin: 0 0 8px; }
.mrd .mrd-policy h3 a { color: var(--mrd-text); text-decoration: none; }
.mrd .mrd-policy h3 a:hover { text-decoration: underline; color: var(--mrd-primary); }
.mrd-policy p { margin: 0; color: var(--mrd-text-2); }
.mrd-audiences { background: var(--mrd-primary); color: var(--mrd-on-primary); padding: 56px 0; }
.mrd-audience-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: 40px; }
.mrd-audience h2 { color: var(--mrd-on-primary); font-size: 1.35rem; }
.mrd-audience p { color: color-mix(in srgb, var(--mrd-on-primary) 85%, transparent); }
.mrd .mrd-audience a { color: var(--mrd-on-primary); font-weight: 600; }
.mrd-about-inner { max-width: 880px; }
.mrd-about h2 { font-size: 1.8rem; }
.mrd-partner-strip { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 24px 40px; align-items: center; }
.mrd-partner-strip img { max-height: 56px; width: auto; }
/*
 * Journal pages: homepage layout and side column, journal metrics and
 * insights, current issue, tables of contents, article summaries, volumes,
 * issue page and archive.
 */

.mrd-journal-home { padding: 40px 0 72px; }
.mrd-journal-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) 300px; gap: 40px clamp(40px, 8vw, 150px); align-items: start; }
.mrd-journal-main { min-width: 0; max-width: 780px; }
.mrd-journal-aside { display: grid; gap: 0; min-width: 0; }
.mrd-jsection { margin-bottom: 44px; }
.mrd-jsection:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; }
.mrd-jabout-text { font-size: 1.08rem; line-height: 1.65; }
.mrd-homepage-image img { display: block; width: 100%; }

/* Side column */
.mrd-journal-aside .mrd-panel-dark { padding: 32px 34px 36px; margin-bottom: 26px; }
.mrd-journal-aside .mrd-panel-dark h2 { font-size: 1.35rem; margin-bottom: 14px; }
.mrd-journal-aside .mrd-panel-dark p { font-size: 1.02rem; line-height: 1.55; margin-bottom: 22px; }
.mrd-journal-aside .mrd-panel-dark .mrd-btn-light { font-size: 1.05rem; padding: 10px 24px; }
.mrd-journal-aside .mrd-panel h2 { font-size: 1.2rem; }
.mrd-promo img { display: block; width: 100%; }
.mrd-promo { margin: 24px 0; }
.mrd-related { list-style: none; padding: 0; margin: 0; display: grid; gap: 14px; }
.mrd-related a { display: flex; gap: 12px; align-items: flex-start; text-decoration: none; color: var(--mrd-text); }
.mrd-related img { width: 56px; flex: none; box-shadow: var(--mrd-cover-shadow); }
.mrd-related strong { display: block; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.3; }
.mrd .mrd-related a:hover strong { color: var(--mrd-primary); text-decoration: underline; }
.mrd-related small { display: block; color: var(--mrd-muted); margin-top: 2px; }
.mrd-sidebar-blocks .pkp_block { padding: 20px 0; border-top: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); }
.mrd-sidebar-blocks .title { display: block; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.1rem; margin-bottom: 10px; }

/* Volumes & Issues */
.mrd-volumes { padding: 0; }
.mrd-volumes > summary { list-style: none; cursor: pointer; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: space-between; padding: 22px 0 14px; }
.mrd-volumes > summary::-webkit-details-marker { display: none; }
.mrd-volumes > summary h2 { margin: 0; font-size: 1.3rem; }
.mrd-volumes-chevron { width: 14px; height: 14px; border-right: 2.5px solid var(--mrd-text); border-bottom: 2.5px solid var(--mrd-text); transform: rotate(45deg); margin: -6px 6px 0 0; transition: transform .2s; }
.mrd-volumes[open] .mrd-volumes-chevron { transform: rotate(-135deg); margin-top: 6px; }
.mrd-volumes-quick { list-style: none; margin: 0 0 10px; padding: 0; display: grid; gap: 4px; }
.mrd-volumes-quick a { font-weight: 600; text-decoration: none; display: block; padding: 6px 0; }
.mrd-volumes-grid { list-style: none; margin: 0 0 12px; padding: 0; display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 8px; }
.mrd-volume > a, .mrd-volume-toggle {
    display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; width: 100%; min-height: 40px; padding: 8px; text-align: center;
    border: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); background: var(--mrd-white); color: var(--mrd-text); font-weight: 500; font-size: .92rem; text-decoration: none; cursor: pointer;
}
.mrd .mrd-volume > a:hover, .mrd-volume-toggle:hover, .mrd-volume-toggle[aria-expanded="true"] { border-color: var(--mrd-primary); color: var(--mrd-primary); }
.mrd-volume > a[aria-current] { background: var(--mrd-primary); border-color: var(--mrd-primary); color: var(--mrd-on-primary); }
.mrd-volume:has(.mrd-volume-toggle[aria-expanded="true"]) { grid-column: 1 / -1; }
.mrd-volume-issues { list-style: none; margin: 6px 0 0; padding: 8px 12px; border: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); border-top: 2px solid var(--mrd-primary); display: grid; gap: 4px; }
.mrd-volume-issues a { display: block; padding: 4px 0; text-decoration: none; }
.mrd-volume-issues em { font-style: normal; font-size: .78rem; color: var(--mrd-accent); font-weight: 600; margin-left: 6px; }
.mrd-volumes-more { background: none; border: 0; padding: 4px 0; color: var(--mrd-primary); font-weight: 600; cursor: pointer; }
.mrd-volumes .mrd-link-more { display: inline-block; margin: 6px 0 18px; }

/* Journal metrics */
.mrd-jmetrics-head { display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: space-between; gap: 12px; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: 14px; }
.mrd-jmetrics-head h2 { font-size: 1.3rem; margin: 0; }
.mrd .mrd-jmetrics-guide { font-weight: 600; text-decoration: none; }
.mrd-jmetrics-grid { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(160px, 1fr)); gap: 0; border-top: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); border-left: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); }
.mrd-jmetric { border-right: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); border-bottom: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); }
.mrd-jmetric > a, .mrd-jmetric { text-decoration: none; color: var(--mrd-text); }
.mrd-jmetric { padding: 16px 18px; }
.mrd-jmetric-value { display: block; font-size: 1.6rem; font-weight: 700; color: var(--mrd-primary); line-height: 1.2; }
.mrd-jmetric-label { display: block; color: var(--mrd-text-2); font-size: .92rem; margin-top: 4px; }
.mrd-jmetrics-all { margin: 12px 0 0; font-weight: 600; }

/* Journal insights (homepage) */
.mrd-insights-head { display: flex; align-items: baseline; justify-content: space-between; gap: 12px; margin-bottom: 8px; }
.mrd-insights-head h2 { font-size: 1.4rem; margin: 0; }
.mrd .mrd-insights-all { font-weight: 600; text-decoration: none; }
.mrd-insights-row { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 220px minmax(0, 1fr); gap: 8px 32px; padding: 18px 0; border-top: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); }
.mrd-insights-row h3, .mrd-insights-row > h2 { font-size: 1.02rem; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; }
.mrd-insights-body p { margin: 0 0 6px; }
.mrd-insights-strong { font-weight: 600; }
.mrd-insights-list { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 8px; }
.mrd-insights-list li { padding: 4px 12px; border: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); background: var(--mrd-surface-2); font-size: .92rem; }
.mrd-insights-owner-logo { max-height: 32px; vertical-align: middle; }
.mrd-insights-full .mrd-insights-row { grid-template-columns: 240px minmax(0, 1fr); padding: 26px 0; }
.mrd-insights-full .mrd-insights-row > h2 { font-size: 1.15rem; }
.mrd-insight-metrics { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(180px, 1fr)); gap: 20px; }
.mrd-insight-value { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 6px; font-size: 1.6rem; font-weight: 700; color: var(--mrd-primary); }
.mrd-insight-label { display: block; color: var(--mrd-text-2); font-size: .92rem; }
.mrd-insight-info-btn { background: none; border: 0; padding: 0; color: var(--mrd-muted); cursor: pointer; display: inline-flex; }
.mrd-insight-info { display: block; font-size: .85rem; color: var(--mrd-muted); margin-top: 4px; }
.mrd-facts { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(200px, 1fr)); gap: 14px 24px; margin: 0; }
.mrd-facts dt { font-size: .85rem; color: var(--mrd-muted); }
.mrd-facts dd { margin: 2px 0 0; font-weight: 600; }

/* Current issue and tables of contents */
.mrd-issue-ident { margin: 0; color: var(--mrd-text-2); font-weight: 500; }
.mrd-issue-ident span { color: var(--mrd-muted); font-weight: 400; }
.mrd-current-issue > .mrd-btn { margin-top: 24px; }
.mrd-toc-section { margin-bottom: 24px; }
.mrd-toc-heading { font-size: .85rem !important; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: .07em; color: var(--mrd-muted) !important; font-weight: 600; margin: 28px 0 0 !important; padding-bottom: 10px; border-bottom: 2px solid var(--mrd-text); }
.mrd-toc-list { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
.mrd-toc-list > li { border-bottom: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); }

/* Article summary (issue contents, search results) */
.mrd-article-summary { display: flex; gap: 22px; padding: 20px 0 22px; }
.mrd-article-cover { flex: 0 0 120px; align-self: flex-start; display: block; border: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); }
.mrd-article-cover img { display: block; width: 100%; }
.mrd-article-summary-body { flex: 1 1 auto; min-width: 0; }
.mrd-sum-top { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 10px; margin-bottom: 8px; }
.mrd-sum-top .mrd-acard-pdf { margin-left: auto; }
.mrd-citation-labels { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 4px 18px; align-items: center; margin: 0 0 8px; font-size: .82rem; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: .07em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--mrd-muted); }
.mrd-citation-labels:empty { display: none; }
.mrd-citation-labels a { color: var(--mrd-muted); text-decoration: none; }
.mrd-citation-labels a:hover { color: var(--mrd-primary); text-decoration: underline; }
.mrd .mrd-oa, .mrd a.mrd-oa { color: var(--mrd-accent); display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 4px; }
.mrd-restricted { color: var(--mrd-text-2); }
.mrd-citation-title { font-size: 1.15rem !important; line-height: 1.35; font-weight: 600; margin: 0 0 6px !important; letter-spacing: -.005em; }
.mrd .mrd-citation-title a { color: var(--mrd-primary); text-decoration: none; }
.mrd .mrd-citation-title a:hover { text-decoration: underline; }
.mrd-citation-title .subtitle { display: block; font-weight: 400; font-size: .92em; color: var(--mrd-text-2); margin-top: 2px; }
.mrd-citation-authors { color: var(--mrd-text-2); margin: 0 0 6px; font-size: .98rem; }
.mrd-citation-authors sup { font-size: .7em; color: var(--mrd-muted); }
.mrd-sum-affiliations { margin: 0 0 8px; padding-left: 1.2em; font-size: .85rem; color: var(--mrd-muted); }
.mrd-citation-source { margin: 0 0 6px; color: var(--mrd-muted); font-size: .92rem; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 2px 14px; }
.mrd .mrd-citation-journal { color: var(--mrd-text); font-style: italic; font-weight: 500; }
.mrd .mrd-citation-doi { color: var(--mrd-muted); word-break: break-all; }
.mrd-sum-abs-text { margin: 4px 0 6px; color: var(--mrd-text-2); font-size: .96rem; display: -webkit-box; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; overflow: hidden; }
.mrd-sum-abs.is-open .mrd-sum-abs-text { -webkit-line-clamp: unset; display: block; }
.mrd-sum-row { display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: space-between; gap: 16px; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 4px; }
.mrd-sum-abs-toggle { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 6px; background: none; border: 0; padding: 4px 0; color: var(--mrd-primary); font-weight: 600; font-size: .92rem; cursor: pointer; }
.mrd-sum-abs-toggle[aria-expanded="true"] svg { transform: rotate(180deg); }
.mrd-sum-stats { display: inline-flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 16px; margin-left: auto; color: var(--mrd-muted); font-size: .9rem; }
.mrd-sum-stat { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 5px; }
.mrd-sum-cat { color: var(--mrd-muted); }
.mrd-galleys { list-style: none; margin: 10px 0 0; padding: 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 8px; }
.mrd-galley, .mrd .obj_galley_link {
    display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 6px; min-height: 34px; padding: 5px 14px; border: 1.5px solid var(--mrd-primary);
    color: var(--mrd-primary); font-weight: 600; font-size: .9rem; text-decoration: none; background: var(--mrd-white); border-radius: var(--mrd-radius);
}
.mrd a.mrd-galley:hover, .mrd a.obj_galley_link:hover { background: var(--mrd-primary); color: var(--mrd-on-primary); }
.mrd-galley.pdf::before { content: ""; width: 15px; height: 15px; background: currentColor; -webkit-mask: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 24'%3E%3Cpath d='M14 2H6a2 2 0 00-2 2v16a2 2 0 002 2h12a2 2 0 002-2V8zm-1 7V3.5L18.5 9z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E") center/contain no-repeat; mask: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 24'%3E%3Cpath d='M14 2H6a2 2 0 00-2 2v16a2 2 0 002 2h12a2 2 0 002-2V8zm-1 7V3.5L18.5 9z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E") center/contain no-repeat; }
.mrd-galley.is-disabled { border-color: var(--mrd-line); color: var(--mrd-muted); }
.mrd-galley.restricted { border-color: var(--mrd-line); }
.purchase_cost { font-weight: 400; color: var(--mrd-muted); }

/* Recent issues */
.mrd-issue-shelf { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(4, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: 24px; }
.mrd-issue-shelf .mrd-cover { width: 100%; margin-bottom: 10px; }
.mrd-cover-small:not(.has-image) .mrd-cover-title { font-size: .8rem; }
.mrd-issue-title { display: block; font-weight: 600; text-decoration: none; line-height: 1.3; }
.mrd-issue-date { display: block; color: var(--mrd-muted); font-size: .88rem; }

/* Gateways and collections */
.mrd-gateways-title { font-size: 1.35rem; margin: 0 0 16px; }
.mrd .mrd-gateways-title a { color: var(--mrd-text); text-decoration: none; }
.mrd-gateways-grid { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(230px, 1fr)); gap: 16px; }
.mrd-gateway { padding: 18px 20px; border: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); border-top: 3px solid var(--mrd-primary); }
.mrd-gateway-name { font-size: 1.05rem !important; margin: 0 0 8px !important; }
.mrd .mrd-gateway-name a { color: var(--mrd-text); text-decoration: none; }
.mrd .mrd-gateway-name a:hover { color: var(--mrd-primary); text-decoration: underline; }
.mrd-gateway-editors { color: var(--mrd-text-2); font-size: .9rem; margin: 0 0 8px; }
.mrd-gateway-count { color: var(--mrd-muted); font-size: .85rem; margin: 0; }
.mrd-sicards-head { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: center; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 12px; margin-bottom: 16px; }
.mrd-sicards-head h2 { font-size: 1.35rem; margin: 0; }
.mrd-sicards-actions { display: flex; gap: 16px; align-items: center; margin: 0; }
.mrd-sicards-grid { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(240px, 1fr)); gap: 16px; }
.mrd-sicard { padding: 18px 20px; border: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); border-top: 3px solid var(--mrd-accent); }
.mrd-sicard-kicker { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; font-size: .78rem; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: .06em; color: var(--mrd-muted); font-weight: 600; margin: 0 0 8px; }
.mrd-sicard-title { font-size: 1.05rem; margin: 0 0 8px; }
.mrd-sicard-editors, .mrd-sicard-deadline { font-size: .88rem; color: var(--mrd-text-2); margin: 0 0 4px; }

/* Issue page */
.mrd-issue-page { padding: 32px 0 72px; }
.mrd-issue-head { display: flex; gap: 32px; padding: 8px 0 32px; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); margin-bottom: 8px; }
.mrd-issue-cover { flex: 0 0 180px; }
.mrd-issue-cover img { display: block; width: 100%; box-shadow: var(--mrd-cover-shadow); }
.mrd-issue-copy { min-width: 0; }
.mrd-article-kicker { margin: 0 0 6px; color: var(--mrd-muted); font-weight: 500; }
.mrd-issue-title { font-size: clamp(1.6rem, 1.2rem + 1.4vw, 2.2rem); font-weight: 700; margin: 0 0 12px; }
.mrd-issue-meta { list-style: none; padding: 0; margin: 0 0 16px; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 4px 28px; color: var(--mrd-text-2); }
.mrd-issue-description { color: var(--mrd-text-2); max-width: 760px; }
.mrd-issue-galleys h2 { font-size: 1rem; margin: 16px 0 8px; }
.mrd-issue-galleys .galleys_links { list-style: none; padding: 0; margin: 0; display: flex; gap: 8px; flex-wrap: wrap; }
.mrd-issue-contents-title { font-size: 1.5rem; margin: 28px 0 0; }
.mrd-issue-sections { max-width: 920px; }

/* Archive */
.mrd-archive-page .mrd-prose-wrap { padding-top: 32px; }
.mrd-archive-year { margin-bottom: 32px; }
.mrd-archive-year > h2 { font-size: 1.3rem; padding-bottom: 8px; border-bottom: 2px solid var(--mrd-text); margin-bottom: 0; }
.mrd-archive-list, .mrd-archive-grid { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
.mrd-archive-list > li { border-bottom: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); }
.mrd-archive-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(180px, 1fr)); gap: 28px 24px; padding-top: 20px; }
.mrd-issue-card.mrd-issue-row { display: flex; gap: 20px; padding: 18px 0; align-items: flex-start; }
.mrd-issue-card.mrd-issue-row .mrd-cover { flex: 0 0 84px; }
.mrd-issue-card.mrd-issue-card .mrd-cover { width: 100%; }
.mrd-issue-card.mrd-issue-card .mrd-issue-card-body { padding-top: 12px; }
.mrd-issue-card-title { font-size: 1.12rem !important; margin: 0 0 4px !important; }
.mrd .mrd-issue-card-title a { color: var(--mrd-primary); text-decoration: none; }
.mrd .mrd-issue-card-title a:hover { text-decoration: underline; }
.mrd-issue-card .series { margin: 0 0 4px; color: var(--mrd-text-2); }
.mrd-issue-card .mrd-issue-date { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 4px 14px; }
.mrd-access { font-weight: 600; font-size: .8rem; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: .05em; }
.mrd-access.is-open { color: var(--mrd-accent); }
.mrd-issue-desc { color: var(--mrd-text-2); font-size: .95rem; margin-top: 6px; }
.mrd-volume-cards { display: grid; gap: 12px; }
.mrd-volume-card { border: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); }
.mrd-volume-card > summary { cursor: pointer; padding: 16px 20px; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.1rem; background: var(--mrd-surface-2); }
.mrd-volume-card[open] > summary { border-bottom: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); }
.mrd-volume-card .mrd-volume-issues { padding: 0 20px; border: 0; }
.mrd-volume-card .mrd-volume-issues > li + li { border-top: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); }
.mrd-issue-shelf .mrd-issue-title { font-size: 1rem; margin: 0; font-weight: 600; }
/*
 * Publisher pages: journal directory, advanced research and results,
 * Journal Finder, special issues, subject pages; content pages with
 * "On this page", editorial team, announcements, categories, search.
 */

/* Journal directory */
.mrd-directory .mrd-pagehead .mrd-container { padding-bottom: 36px; }
.mrd-stats { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 30px 0 26px; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 10px 46px; }
.mrd-stats li { display: flex; align-items: baseline; gap: 10px; font-size: 1.1rem; color: var(--mrd-text-2); }
.mrd-stats strong { font-size: 1.75rem; color: var(--mrd-text); font-weight: 700; }
.mrd-az { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 6px; margin: 0 0 32px; }
.mrd-az a, .mrd-az span {
    min-width: 34px; height: 34px; padding: 0 8px; display: inline-flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center;
    border: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); font-weight: 600; font-size: 1rem; text-decoration: none;
}
.mrd .mrd-az a { color: var(--mrd-text); background: var(--mrd-white); }
.mrd .mrd-az a:hover { border-color: var(--mrd-primary); color: var(--mrd-primary); }
.mrd .mrd-az a.is-current { background: var(--mrd-primary); border-color: var(--mrd-primary); color: var(--mrd-on-primary); }
.mrd-az span { color: #B4B9C3; font-weight: 400; }

.mrd-results-layout { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 260px minmax(0, 1fr); gap: 48px; align-items: start; padding-bottom: 72px; }
.mrd-filters { border: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); padding: 26px 24px 30px; background: var(--mrd-white); }
.mrd-filters > form > h2, .mrd-filters h2 { font-size: 1.15rem; margin: 0 0 18px; }
.mrd-filters fieldset { border: 0; padding: 0; margin: 0 0 22px; min-width: 0; }
.mrd-filters legend { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 8px; width: 100%; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.02rem; margin-bottom: 14px; padding: 0; }
.mrd-filters legend::after { content: ""; flex: 1; height: 1px; background: var(--mrd-line); }
.mrd-option { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 12px; padding: 6px 0; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.3; }
.mrd-option span { flex: 1; }
.mrd-option small { color: var(--mrd-muted); font-size: .9rem; }
.mrd-filters .mrd-actions { flex-direction: column; align-items: flex-start; }
.mrd-filters .mrd-field-pair input { min-height: 46px; }
.mrd-filter-link { display: inline-block; margin-top: 8px; font-weight: 600; }

.mrd-results-toolbar { display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: space-between; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 12px 24px; padding-bottom: 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); }
.mrd-results-count { margin: 0; font-weight: 600; color: var(--mrd-text-2); font-size: 1.05rem; }
.mrd-results-count span { font-weight: 400; }
.mrd-inline-form { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 10px; flex-wrap: wrap; margin: 0; }
.mrd-inline-form label { font-size: 1rem; }
.mrd .mrd-inline-form select { width: auto; min-width: 84px; min-height: 42px; }
.mrd .mrd-inline-form #mrdDirSort { min-width: 210px; }
.mrd-results-tools { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 10px; flex-wrap: wrap; }

.mrd-dir-list { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
.mrd-dir-item { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 100px minmax(0, 1fr); gap: 24px; padding: 28px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); }
.mrd-dir-item .mrd-cover { width: 100%; align-self: start; }
.mrd-dir-body .mrd-citation-labels { font-size: .88rem; gap: 4px 20px; margin-bottom: 10px; }
.mrd-dir-body h2 { font-size: 1.32rem; font-weight: 600; margin: 0 0 6px; }
.mrd .mrd-dir-body h2 a { color: var(--mrd-primary); text-decoration: none; }
.mrd .mrd-dir-body h2 a:hover { text-decoration: underline; }
.mrd-dir-desc { color: var(--mrd-text-2); margin: 0 0 14px; font-size: 1.02rem; line-height: 1.55; }
.mrd-dir-meta { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 6px 30px; margin: 0 0 10px; font-size: 1.02rem; }
.mrd-dir-meta > div { display: flex; gap: 8px; }
.mrd-dir-meta > div.is-wide { flex-basis: 100%; }
.mrd-dir-meta dt { font-weight: 700; color: var(--mrd-text); }
.mrd-dir-meta dd { margin: 0; color: var(--mrd-text-2); }
.mrd-dir-owner { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 8px; color: var(--mrd-text-2); margin: 0 0 8px; }
.mrd-dir-owner img { max-height: 24px; }
.mrd-citation-actions { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 6px 22px; margin: 0; }
.mrd .mrd-citation-actions a, .mrd-citation-actions .mrd-linkbutton { color: var(--mrd-primary); font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.02rem; text-decoration: none; }
.mrd .mrd-citation-actions a:hover, .mrd-citation-actions .mrd-linkbutton:hover { text-decoration: underline; color: var(--mrd-accent); }

/* Advanced research */
.mrd-research-page .mrd-pagehead .mrd-container { padding-bottom: 8px; }
.mrd-research-page .mrd-pagehead .mrd-container::after { display: none; }
.mrd-searchbox { margin: 8px 0 32px; padding: 26px; background: var(--mrd-surface); }
.mrd-search-large { max-width: none; }
.mrd .mrd-search-large input { min-height: 54px; }
.mrd-search-page .mrd-search input { border-left: 1px solid #B9BEC8; border-radius: var(--mrd-radius) 0 0 var(--mrd-radius); }
.mrd-searchbox-options { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 8px 28px; margin-top: 14px; }
.mrd-searchbox-options label { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 8px; }
.mrd-advanced { margin-top: 16px; }
.mrd-advanced > summary { cursor: pointer; font-weight: 600; color: var(--mrd-primary); display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 8px; }
.mrd-advanced-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: 16px 20px; margin-top: 18px; }
.mrd-field-wide { grid-column: 1 / -1; }
.mrd-advanced .mrd-actions, .mrd-advanced-actions { margin-top: 18px; }
.mrd-date-range fieldset { border: 0; padding: 0; margin: 0; }
.mrd-date-range legend { font-weight: 600; margin-bottom: 6px; padding: 0; }
.mrd-date-range select { width: auto; display: inline-block; margin-right: 6px; }
.mrd-result-list { display: grid; }
.mrd-result { padding: 22px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); }
.mrd-result-top { display: flex; align-items: flex-start; gap: 12px; }
.mrd-result-top .mrd-acard-pdf { margin-left: auto; flex: none; }
.mrd-result h2.mrd-citation-title { font-size: 1.2rem !important; }
.mrd-result-label { color: var(--mrd-muted); }
.mrd-result-affiliations { color: var(--mrd-muted); font-size: .9rem; margin: 0 0 6px; }
.mrd-result-abstract { margin: 6px 0 10px; }
.mrd-result-abstract > summary { cursor: pointer; color: var(--mrd-primary); font-weight: 600; font-size: .95rem; }
.mrd-result-abstract > div { margin-top: 8px; color: var(--mrd-text-2); font-size: .97rem; }
.mrd-result-keywords { font-size: .92rem; color: var(--mrd-text-2); margin: 0 0 8px; }
.mrd-result-keywords span { font-weight: 600; }
.mrd-saved { border-top: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); padding-top: 18px; margin-top: 8px; }
.mrd-saved h2 { font-size: 1rem; }
.mrd-saved ul { list-style: none; padding: 0; margin: 0; display: grid; gap: 8px; font-size: .92rem; }
.mrd-saved li { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; gap: 8px; }
.mrd-tips { margin: 0 0 72px; padding: 28px; background: var(--mrd-surface); }
.mrd-tips h2 { font-size: 1.2rem; }
.mrd-tips dl { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(4, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: 20px; margin: 0; }
.mrd-tips dt { font-weight: 600; margin-bottom: 4px; }
.mrd-tips dd { margin: 0; color: var(--mrd-text-2); font-size: .95rem; }
.mrd-research-page > .mrd-container > .mrd-empty-block { margin-bottom: 40px; }

/* Journal Finder */
.mrd-finder-layout { display: grid; grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) minmax(0, 1.1fr); gap: 48px; align-items: start; padding-top: 32px; padding-bottom: 72px; }
.mrd-finder-form { display: grid; gap: 18px; padding: 28px; background: var(--mrd-surface); position: sticky; top: 24px; }
.mrd-finder-results .mrd-section-head h2 { font-size: 1.5rem; }
.mrd-finder-list { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; display: grid; gap: 16px; }
.mrd-finder-item { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 92px minmax(0, 1fr); gap: 20px; padding: 20px; border: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); }
.mrd-finder-score { display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; justify-content: center; text-align: center; background: var(--mrd-surface); padding: 12px 6px; }
.mrd-finder-score strong { font-size: 1.6rem; color: var(--mrd-primary); line-height: 1.1; }
.mrd-finder-score span { font-size: .78rem; color: var(--mrd-muted); }
.mrd-finder-body h3 { font-size: 1.15rem; margin: 0 0 6px; }
.mrd-finder-terms { font-size: .92rem; color: var(--mrd-text-2); }
.mrd-finder-terms span { font-weight: 600; }

/* Special issues and subjects */
.mrd-special-page .mrd-container > .mrd-card-grid, .mrd-special-page .mrd-empty-block { margin-bottom: 72px; }
.mrd-filterbar { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 16px; align-items: flex-end; margin: 28px 0 28px; }
.mrd-filterbar .mrd-field { min-width: 200px; }
.mrd-subject-page .mrd-section .mrd-container { padding: 0; }

/* Content pages with "On this page" */
.mrd-content-page, .mrd-team-page, .mrd-policies-page, .mrd-publisher-page, .mrd-insights-page { padding-bottom: 72px; }
.mrd-doc-layout { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 240px minmax(0, 1fr); gap: 56px; align-items: start; padding-top: 36px; }
.mrd-doc-layout.is-no-nav, .mrd-doc-layout:has(> .mrd-doc-nav[hidden]) { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr); }
.mrd-doc-layout > .mrd-prose, .mrd-doc-body { max-width: 820px; }
.mrd-doc-nav { position: sticky; top: 24px; border-left: 3px solid var(--mrd-line); padding-left: 18px; }
.mrd-doc-nav h2 { font-size: .82rem; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: .07em; color: var(--mrd-muted); margin: 0 0 10px; }
.mrd-doc-nav ul { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; display: grid; gap: 2px; }
.mrd-doc-nav a { display: block; padding: 5px 0; color: var(--mrd-text); text-decoration: none; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.35; }
.mrd .mrd-doc-nav a:hover, .mrd .mrd-doc-nav a[aria-current] { color: var(--mrd-primary); text-decoration: underline; }
.mrd-submit-box { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 12px; align-items: center; }
.mrd-submit-box p { margin: 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 12px; }
.mrd-policies-page section, .mrd-prose > section { scroll-margin-top: 24px; }
.mrd-about-owner { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 12px; }

/* Editorial team */
.mrd-team-role { margin-bottom: 40px; scroll-margin-top: 24px; }
.mrd-team-role > h2 { font-size: 1.35rem; padding-bottom: 10px; border-bottom: 2px solid var(--mrd-text); }
.mrd-people { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(280px, 1fr)); gap: 18px 28px; }
.mrd-person { display: flex; gap: 14px; align-items: flex-start; }
.mrd-person-photo { width: 56px; height: 56px; border-radius: 50%; object-fit: cover; flex: none; }
.mrd-person-photo.is-initials { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; background: var(--mrd-surface); color: var(--mrd-primary); font-weight: 700; }
.mrd-person-body { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 2px; }
.mrd-person .name, .mrd-reviewer-list .name { font-weight: 600; display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 6px; }
.mrd-person .affiliation, .mrd-person .country, .mrd-person .date_start, .mrd-reviewer-list .affiliation { color: var(--mrd-text-2); font-size: .92rem; }
.mrd-orcid svg, .mrd-orcid img { width: 16px; height: 16px; vertical-align: middle; }
.mrd-reviewer-list { list-style: none; padding: 0; margin: 0; columns: 2; column-gap: 32px; }
.mrd-reviewer-list li { break-inside: avoid; padding: 6px 0; display: flex; flex-direction: column; }
.mrd-team-history { color: var(--mrd-text-2); }

/* Announcements page */
.mrd-ann-list { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; max-width: 860px; }
.mrd-ann-list > li { border-bottom: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); }
.mrd-ann-summary { display: flex; gap: 22px; padding: 24px 0; }
.mrd-ann-image { flex: 0 0 200px; }
.mrd-ann-image img { display: block; width: 100%; }
.mrd-ann-title { font-size: 1.3rem !important; margin: 0 0 6px !important; }
.mrd .mrd-ann-title a { color: var(--mrd-text); text-decoration: none; }
.mrd .mrd-ann-title a:hover { color: var(--mrd-primary); text-decoration: underline; }
.mrd-ann-date { color: var(--mrd-muted); font-size: .95rem; display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 6px; margin: 0 0 10px; }
.mrd-ann-text { color: var(--mrd-text-2); }
.mrd-ann-full { max-width: 820px; }
.mrd-ann-full-image { display: block; margin: 0 0 20px; }
.mrd-ann-intro { max-width: 860px; margin-bottom: 20px; }
.mrd-announcements-page .mrd-prose-wrap, .mrd-announcement-page .mrd-prose-wrap { padding-top: 32px; }

/* Category page */
.mrd-category-page .mrd-prose-wrap { padding-top: 32px; }
.mrd-category-about { display: flex; gap: 24px; margin-bottom: 32px; }
.mrd-category-image { width: 200px; height: auto; flex: none; }
.mrd-subcategories { margin-bottom: 32px; }

/* Search page */
.mrd-search-page .mrd-toc-list { max-width: 920px; margin-bottom: 24px; }
.mrd-search-page .mrd-results-count { margin: 0 0 6px; }
/*
 * Article page. Main design: centred header, contents on the left, reading
 * column and a slim tools rail with a slide-in panel ("tf"). The two-column
 * ("mdpi") and tabbed ("classic") designs share most rules.
 */

.mrd-article-page { padding: 24px 0 72px; }
.mrd-article-crumbs { margin-bottom: 8px; }
.mrd-art { position: relative; }
.mrd-art-notice { margin: 16px 0; }

/* Header */
.mrd-thead, .mrd-mhead { max-width: 980px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 24px 0 30px; text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); }
.mrd-tmeta { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; justify-content: center; align-items: center; gap: 6px 0; margin: 0 0 14px; color: var(--mrd-text-2); font-size: .95rem; }
.mrd-tmeta > span + span::before { content: ""; display: inline-block; width: 1px; height: 14px; background: var(--mrd-line); margin: 0 14px; vertical-align: -2px; }
.mrd-toa { color: var(--mrd-accent); font-weight: 600; display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 5px; }
.mrd-tlicence { font-weight: 600; }
.mrd-art-badges { justify-content: center; }
.mrd-art-title { font-size: clamp(1.7rem, 1.1rem + 2vw, 2.55rem); font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.18; letter-spacing: -.02em; margin: 6px 0 18px; }
.mrd-art-subtitle { display: block; margin-top: 8px; font-size: .6em; font-weight: 500; color: var(--mrd-text-2); letter-spacing: 0; }
.mrd-art-authors { font-size: 1.08rem; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0 0 6px; }
.mrd-tlabel { font-weight: 600; }
.mrd .mrd-art-authors .author-search-link { color: var(--mrd-primary); text-decoration: none; font-weight: 500; }
.mrd .mrd-art-authors .author-search-link:hover { text-decoration: underline; }
.mrd-art-authors sup { font-size: .68em; color: var(--mrd-muted); margin-left: 1px; }
.mrd-art-authors .mrd-linkbutton { text-decoration: none; color: var(--mrd-muted); margin-left: 3px; }
.mrd-orcid { display: inline-flex; margin-left: 3px; vertical-align: middle; }
.mrd-orcid svg, .mrd-orcid img { width: 16px; height: 16px; }
.mrd-taffs { margin: 6px auto 12px; max-width: 760px; }
.mrd-taffs > summary { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 6px; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 600; color: var(--mrd-primary); list-style: none; }
.mrd-taffs > summary::-webkit-details-marker { display: none; }
.mrd-taffs > summary::after { content: ""; width: 8px; height: 8px; border-right: 2px solid currentColor; border-bottom: 2px solid currentColor; transform: rotate(45deg); margin: -4px 0 0 4px; transition: transform .2s; }
.mrd-taffs[open] > summary::after { transform: rotate(-135deg); margin-top: 4px; }
.mrd-art-affiliations { text-align: left; margin: 12px 0 0; padding: 14px 18px 14px 38px; background: var(--mrd-surface-2); border: 1px solid var(--mrd-line-2); font-size: .95rem; color: var(--mrd-text-2); }
.mrd-art-affiliations li { margin: 3px 0; }
.mrd-mcorr { list-style: none; margin-left: -18px !important; color: var(--mrd-muted); }
.mrd-tpub { margin: 6px 0 0; color: var(--mrd-text-2); font-size: 1rem; }
.mrd .mrd-tpub a.doi { color: var(--mrd-primary); word-break: break-all; }
.mrd-mactions, .mrd-tactions { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; justify-content: center; align-items: center; gap: 10px; margin-top: 22px; }
.mrd-mbtn, .mrd a.mrd-mbtn {
    display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 6px; min-height: 40px; padding: 7px 18px;
    border: 1.5px solid var(--mrd-primary); color: var(--mrd-primary); background: var(--mrd-white); font-weight: 600; text-decoration: none; border-radius: var(--mrd-radius);
}
.mrd a.mrd-mbtn:hover { background: var(--mrd-primary); color: var(--mrd-on-primary); }
.mrd-mgalleys { display: inline-flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 10px; }
.mrd-mgalleys .obj_galley_link { min-height: 40px; padding: 7px 18px; background: var(--mrd-primary); color: var(--mrd-on-primary); font-size: 1rem; }
.mrd a.obj_galley_link.pdf::before { content: ""; width: 16px; height: 16px; background: currentColor; -webkit-mask: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 24'%3E%3Cpath d='M12 16l-5-5h3V4h4v7h3zM5 18h14v2H5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E") center/contain no-repeat; mask: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 24'%3E%3Cpath d='M12 16l-5-5h3V4h4v7h3zM5 18h14v2H5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E") center/contain no-repeat; }
.mrd .mrd-mgalleys a.obj_galley_link:hover { background: color-mix(in srgb, var(--mrd-primary) 82%, #000); color: var(--mrd-on-primary); }

/* Grid: contents | reading column | tools rail */
.mrd-mgrid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 230px minmax(0, 1fr) 56px; gap: 44px; align-items: start; padding-top: 32px; }
.mrd-art-mdpi:not(.mrd-art-tf) .mrd-mgrid { grid-template-columns: 220px minmax(0, 1fr) 300px; }
.mrd-mtoc { position: sticky; top: 20px; max-height: calc(100vh - 40px); overflow: auto; border: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); padding: 16px 18px; font-size: .95rem; }
.mrd-mtoc[hidden] { display: none; }
.mrd-mgrid:has(> .mrd-mtoc[hidden]) { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) 56px; }
.mrd-art-mdpi:not(.mrd-art-tf) .mrd-mgrid:has(> .mrd-mtoc[hidden]) { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) 300px; }
.mrd-mtoc::before { content: attr(aria-label); display: block; font-size: .78rem; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: .07em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--mrd-muted); margin-bottom: 8px; }
.mrd-mtoc-list { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; display: grid; gap: 1px; }
.mrd-mtoc-list a { display: block; padding: 6px 0 6px 12px; border-left: 2px solid transparent; color: var(--mrd-text); text-decoration: none; line-height: 1.35; }
.mrd .mrd-mtoc-list a:hover { color: var(--mrd-primary); }
.mrd .mrd-mtoc-list a.is-active { border-left-color: var(--mrd-accent); color: var(--mrd-primary); font-weight: 600; }
.mrd-mtoc-list .is-sub a { padding-left: 24px; font-size: .9rem; }
.mrd-mmain { min-width: 0; max-width: 820px; }
.mrd-msection { margin: 0 0 36px; scroll-margin-top: 80px; }
.mrd-msection > h2 { font-size: 1.45rem; margin: 0 0 14px; padding-bottom: 10px; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); }
.mrd-msection[hidden] { display: none; }
.article-abstract { font-size: 1.07rem; line-height: 1.7; }
.article-abstract p { margin: 0 0 .9em; }

/* Article information */
.mrd-art-info dl { margin: 0; }
.modern-info-row { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 200px minmax(0, 1fr); gap: 4px 24px; padding: 11px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--mrd-line-2); }
.modern-info-row[hidden] { display: none; }
.modern-info-row dt { font-weight: 600; color: var(--mrd-text); }
.modern-info-row dd { margin: 0; color: var(--mrd-text-2); }
.modern-info-row .is-current { font-weight: 600; }
.mrd-tchips { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 8px; }
.mrd .mrd-tchips a { padding: 3px 12px; border: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); background: var(--mrd-surface-2); color: var(--mrd-text); text-decoration: none; font-size: .92rem; border-radius: 999px; }
.mrd .mrd-tchips a:hover { border-color: var(--mrd-primary); color: var(--mrd-primary); }
.mrd-art-alert { padding: 14px 18px; border: 1px solid #F1C5C5; background: #FFF3F3; margin-bottom: 20px; }
.mrd-art-plugins:empty { display: none; }
.mrd-art-plugins { margin-bottom: 24px; }
.mrd-mfulltext { font-size: 1.05rem; line-height: 1.7; }

/* How to cite and references */
.mrd-cite { padding: 18px 20px; background: var(--mrd-surface-2); border: 1px solid var(--mrd-line-2); }
.mrd-cite #citationOutput { font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.6; overflow-wrap: anywhere; }
.mrd-cite-formats { margin-top: 12px; }
.mrd-cite-formats > summary { cursor: pointer; font-weight: 600; color: var(--mrd-primary); }
.mrd-cite-formats ul { list-style: none; padding: 0; margin: 8px 0 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 6px 16px; }
.mrd-references { padding-left: 1.6em; margin: 0; font-size: .97rem; line-height: 1.6; }
.mrd-references > li { margin-bottom: 12px; padding-left: 4px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; }
.mrd-references > li:target { background: #FFF8E1; }
.mrd-ref-links { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 4px 14px; margin-top: 4px; font-size: .85rem; }
.mrd .mrd-ref-links a { color: var(--mrd-muted); text-decoration: none; font-weight: 500; }
.mrd .mrd-ref-links a:hover { color: var(--mrd-primary); text-decoration: underline; }
.mrd-related-articles ul { list-style: none; padding: 0; margin: 0; display: grid; gap: 14px; }
.mrd-related-articles li a { display: block; font-weight: 600; text-decoration: none; line-height: 1.35; }
.mrd .mrd-related-articles li a:hover { text-decoration: underline; }
.mrd-related-articles li span { display: block; color: var(--mrd-muted); font-size: .9rem; margin-top: 2px; }

/* Metrics */
.mrd-figures-small { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 0; margin: 0 0 16px; border: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); }
.mrd-figures-small > div { flex: 1 1 120px; padding: 14px 18px; display: flex; flex-direction: column-reverse; }
.mrd-figures-small > div + div { border-left: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); }
.mrd-figures-small dd { margin: 0; font-size: 1.6rem; font-weight: 700; color: var(--mrd-primary); }
.mrd-figures-small dt { color: var(--mrd-text-2); font-size: .9rem; }
.mrd-usage { margin: 0 0 16px; }
.mrd-usage figcaption { font-weight: 600; margin-bottom: 8px; }
.mrd-usage svg { width: 100%; height: 150px; display: block; }
.mrd-usage .axis { stroke: var(--mrd-line); stroke-width: 1; }
.mrd-usage .line { fill: none; stroke: var(--mrd-primary); stroke-width: 2.5; vector-effect: non-scaling-stroke; }
.mrd-usage .dot { fill: var(--mrd-white); stroke: var(--mrd-primary); stroke-width: 2; vector-effect: non-scaling-stroke; }
.mrd-usage .bar { fill: var(--mrd-primary); }
.mrd-usage-months { list-style: none; margin: 4px 0 0; padding: 0; display: flex; justify-content: space-between; font-size: .75rem; color: var(--mrd-muted); }
.mrd-usage-months li { flex: 1; text-align: center; }
.mrd-art-badge-embed { margin: 12px 0; }

/* Previous / next */
.mrd-pn { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; gap: 16px; padding: 18px 0; margin: 0 0 32px; border-top: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); border-bottom: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); }
.mrd-pn-link { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 8px; font-weight: 600; text-decoration: none; }
.mrd-pn-link.is-next { margin-left: auto; }
.mrd-pn-arrows { display: inline-flex; gap: 4px; }
.mrd-pn-arrow { position: relative; display: inline-flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; width: 40px; height: 40px; border: 1.5px solid var(--mrd-line); color: var(--mrd-primary); }
.mrd-pn-arrow.is-off { color: var(--mrd-line); }
.mrd-pn-tip { position: absolute; bottom: calc(100% + 6px); left: 50%; transform: translateX(-50%); white-space: nowrap; background: var(--mrd-text); color: #fff; font-size: .78rem; padding: 4px 8px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; transition: opacity .15s; }
.mrd-pn-arrow:hover .mrd-pn-tip { opacity: 1; }

/* Tools rail and slide-in panel */
.mrd-trail { position: sticky; top: 20px; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 8px; }
.mrd-trail a {
    width: 48px; height: 48px; display: inline-flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center;
    border: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); color: var(--mrd-primary); background: var(--mrd-white); border-radius: 50%;
}
.mrd-trail a[hidden] { display: none; }
.mrd .mrd-trail a:hover, .mrd-trail a.is-active { background: var(--mrd-primary); border-color: var(--mrd-primary); color: var(--mrd-on-primary); }
.mrd-trail .mrd-icon svg { width: 20px; height: 20px; }
.mrd-tsource[hidden] { display: none; }
.mrd-tdrawer-backdrop { position: fixed; inset: 0; background: rgba(15, 20, 35, .4); z-index: 90; }
.mrd-tdrawer-backdrop[hidden] { display: none; }
.mrd-tdrawer {
    position: fixed; top: 0; right: 0; bottom: 0; z-index: 91; width: min(560px, 100%); background: var(--mrd-white);
    display: flex; flex-direction: column; box-shadow: -8px 0 32px rgba(15, 20, 35, .18); transform: translateX(0); transition: transform .25s ease;
}
.mrd-tdrawer[hidden] { display: none; }
.mrd-tdrawer-head { display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: space-between; gap: 12px; padding: 16px 22px; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); }
.mrd-tdrawer-head h2 { margin: 0; font-size: 1.2rem; display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 10px; }
.mrd-tdrawer-close { width: 40px; height: 40px; border: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); background: var(--mrd-white); border-radius: 50%; cursor: pointer; display: inline-flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; }
.mrd-tdrawer-body { flex: 1; overflow: auto; padding: 20px 22px 32px; }
.mrd-tpanel[hidden], .mrd-ttabpanel[hidden] { display: none; }
.mrd-ttabs { display: flex; gap: 24px; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); margin-bottom: 18px; }
.mrd-ttabs [role="tab"] { background: none; border: 0; border-bottom: 3px solid transparent; padding: 10px 0; font-weight: 600; color: var(--mrd-muted); cursor: pointer; margin-bottom: -1px; }
.mrd-ttabs [role="tab"][aria-selected="true"] { color: var(--mrd-text); border-bottom-color: var(--mrd-accent); }
.mrd-tblock { padding: 0 0 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--mrd-line-2); }
.mrd-tblock h3 { font-size: 1rem; margin: 0 0 8px; }
.mrd-tblock p { margin: 0 0 6px; }
.mrd-tblock-head { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: center; margin-bottom: 10px; }
.mrd-tblock-head h3 { margin: 0; font-size: 1rem; }
.mrd-tcollapse { background: none; border: 0; color: var(--mrd-primary); font-weight: 600; cursor: pointer; }
.mrd-tdl > div { display: flex; gap: 8px; }
.mrd-tdl dt { font-weight: 600; }
.mrd-tdl dd { margin: 0; }
.mrd-tauthor { border: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); margin-bottom: 10px; }
.mrd-tauthor > summary { padding: 12px 14px; cursor: pointer; display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 8px; font-weight: 600; }
.mrd-tauthor-body { padding: 0 14px 12px; color: var(--mrd-text-2); font-size: .95rem; }
.mrd-tnote { display: flex; gap: 8px; }
.mrd-tshare-url { padding: 10px 12px; background: var(--mrd-surface-2); border: 1px solid var(--mrd-line-2); word-break: break-all; font-size: .92rem; }
.mrd-tbtn { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 6px; min-height: 40px; padding: 7px 16px; border: 1.5px solid var(--mrd-primary); background: var(--mrd-white); color: var(--mrd-primary); font-weight: 600; cursor: pointer; }
.mrd-tbtn:hover { background: var(--mrd-primary); color: var(--mrd-on-primary); }
.mrd-tsocial { list-style: none; padding: 0; margin: 0 0 12px; display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 8px; }
.mrd-tsocial a { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 8px; padding: 9px 12px; border: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); color: var(--mrd-text); text-decoration: none; }
.mrd .mrd-tsocial a:hover { border-color: var(--mrd-primary); color: var(--mrd-primary); }
.mrd-tview { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 10px; }
.mrd-tfiglist { list-style: none; padding: 0; margin: 0; display: grid; gap: 14px; }
.mrd-tfiglist img { max-width: 100%; border: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); }
.mrd-share-import { font-size: .92rem; color: var(--mrd-muted); }

/* Compact bar after scrolling */
.mrd-mbar { position: fixed; top: 0; left: 0; right: 0; z-index: 80; background: var(--mrd-white); border-bottom: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); box-shadow: 0 4px 16px rgba(15, 20, 35, .08); transform: translateY(-100%); transition: transform .2s; }
.mrd-mbar, .mrd-mbar[hidden] { display: block; visibility: hidden; }
.mrd-mbar.is-visible { transform: translateY(0); visibility: visible; }
.mrd-mbar-inner { max-width: var(--mrd-container); margin: 0 auto; padding: 8px var(--mrd-gutter); display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: space-between; gap: 20px; }
.mrd-mbar-head { min-width: 0; }
.mrd-mbar-kicker { font-size: .75rem; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: .07em; color: var(--mrd-muted); font-weight: 600; }
.mrd-mbar-title { margin: 0; font-weight: 600; white-space: nowrap; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; max-width: 60vw; }
.mrd-mbar-actions { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 8px; flex: none; }
.mrd-mbar-actions .mrd-mbtn, .mrd-mbar-actions .obj_galley_link { min-height: 36px; padding: 5px 14px; }

/* Other designs: tabs and side column */
.mrd-art-headrow { display: grid; grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) auto; gap: 32px; padding: 16px 0 24px; }
.mrd-art-head .mrd-art-title { text-align: left; }
.mrd-art-doi { color: var(--mrd-text-2); }
.mrd-art-tabbar { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; justify-content: space-between; align-items: center; gap: 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); margin-bottom: 28px; }
.mrd-art-tabs { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 24px; }
.mrd-art-tabs [role="tab"] { background: none; border: 0; border-bottom: 3px solid transparent; padding: 12px 0; font-weight: 600; color: var(--mrd-muted); cursor: pointer; margin-bottom: -1px; font-size: 1.02rem; }
.mrd-art-tabs [role="tab"][aria-selected="true"] { color: var(--mrd-text); border-bottom-color: var(--mrd-accent); }
.mrd-art-actions { display: flex; gap: 8px; flex-wrap: wrap; }
.mrd-art-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) 300px; gap: 48px; }
.mrd-art-grid.hide-left-nav .mrd-art-toc { display: none; }
.mrd-art-pane[hidden] { display: none; }
.mrd-art-section { margin-bottom: 32px; }
.mrd-art-section > h2 { font-size: 1.4rem; }
.mrd-art-people { list-style: none; padding: 0; margin: 0; display: grid; gap: 14px; }
.mrd-art-side, .mrd-mside { display: grid; gap: 20px; align-content: start; }
.mrd-side-box, .mrd-mside-box { border: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); padding: 18px 20px; }
.mrd-side-box h2, .mrd-mside-box h2 { font-size: 1.05rem; margin: 0 0 10px; }
.mrd-side-box.cover_image { padding: 0; border: 0; }
.mrd-side-box.cover_image img { display: block; width: 100%; }
.mrd-share-list { list-style: none; padding: 0; margin: 0 0 10px; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 8px; }
.mrd-share-list a { width: 38px; height: 38px; display: inline-flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; border: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); color: var(--mrd-primary); border-radius: 50%; }
.mrd .mrd-share-list a:hover { background: var(--mrd-primary); color: var(--mrd-on-primary); }
.mrd-art-jside { display: flex; gap: 14px; align-items: flex-start; }
.mrd-art-jside-cover { width: 90px; flex: none; }
.mrd-art-jside-links { list-style: none; padding: 0; margin: 0 0 8px; display: grid; gap: 6px; }
.mrd-art-jside-links a { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 6px; font-weight: 600; text-decoration: none; }
.mrd-art-jside-pn { display: flex; gap: 14px; font-size: .9rem; }
.mrd-xml-extras[hidden] { display: none; }
/*
 * Footer (journal and publisher site), login and registration pages.
 */

/* Footer */
.mrd-footer { background: var(--mrd-primary); color: var(--mrd-on-primary); font-size: .98rem; }
.mrd-footer a { color: var(--mrd-on-primary); }
.mrd .mrd-footer a:hover { color: var(--mrd-on-primary); text-decoration: underline; opacity: .9; }
.mrd-footer h2 { color: var(--mrd-on-primary); font-size: 1.02rem; font-weight: 700; margin: 0 0 14px; letter-spacing: 0; }
.mrd-footer-menu, .mrd-footer-legal { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; display: grid; gap: 8px; }
.mrd-footer-menu a, .mrd-footer-legal a { text-decoration: none; color: color-mix(in srgb, var(--mrd-on-primary) 88%, transparent); }
.mrd-footer-menu ul { list-style: none; padding: 6px 0 0 12px; margin: 0; display: grid; gap: 6px; }
/* Journal footer */
.mrd-footer-cols { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(190px, 1fr)); gap: 32px 40px; padding: 48px 0 36px; }
.mrd-footer-custom { color: color-mix(in srgb, var(--mrd-on-primary) 88%, transparent); }
.mrd-footer-custom img { max-width: 100%; }
.mrd-footer-cols > .mrd-footer-custom { grid-column: 1 / -1; }
.mrd-footer-base { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: flex-end; gap: 24px 48px; flex-wrap: wrap; padding: 24px 0 32px; border-top: 1px solid color-mix(in srgb, var(--mrd-on-primary) 22%, transparent); }
.mrd-footer-licence { flex: 1 1 520px; min-width: 0; }
.mrd-footer-legal { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 6px 26px; margin-bottom: 12px; }
.mrd-footer-note { margin: 0 0 8px; color: color-mix(in srgb, var(--mrd-on-primary) 80%, transparent); }
.mrd-footer-journal-name { margin: 0 0 12px; color: color-mix(in srgb, var(--mrd-on-primary) 85%, transparent); }
.mrd-footer-journal-name strong { color: var(--mrd-on-primary); }
.mrd-footer-cc img { display: block; height: 31px; width: auto; }
.mrd-footer-logos { display: flex; gap: 20px; align-items: center; }
.mrd-footer-publogo img { display: block; max-height: 56px; width: auto; background: var(--mrd-white); padding: 6px 10px; border-radius: 2px; }
.mrd-footer-keep-text { color: color-mix(in srgb, var(--mrd-on-primary) 85%, transparent); }
.mrd-footer-signup { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 8px; font-weight: 600; text-decoration: none; padding: 8px 14px; border: 1.5px solid currentColor; }
.mrd-footer-share { list-style: none; padding: 0; margin: 8px 0 0; display: flex; gap: 8px; }
.mrd-share-btn { width: 38px; height: 38px; display: inline-flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; border: 1px solid color-mix(in srgb, var(--mrd-on-primary) 40%, transparent); background: none; color: var(--mrd-on-primary); border-radius: 50%; cursor: pointer; }
/* Publisher footer */
.mrd-footer-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1.5fr) repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: 32px 48px; padding: 52px var(--mrd-gutter) 40px; }
.mrd-footer-name { font-size: 1.3rem; font-weight: 700; margin: 0 0 8px; }
.mrd-footer-tagline { color: color-mix(in srgb, var(--mrd-on-primary) 80%, transparent); margin: 0 0 14px; }
.mrd-footer-bottom { border-top: 1px solid color-mix(in srgb, var(--mrd-on-primary) 22%, transparent); }
.mrd-footer-bottom-inner { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; justify-content: space-between; gap: 8px 24px; padding-top: 18px; padding-bottom: 22px; font-size: .92rem; color: color-mix(in srgb, var(--mrd-on-primary) 80%, transparent); }
.mrd-footer-light { background: var(--mrd-surface); color: var(--mrd-text); }
.mrd-footer-light a, .mrd-footer-light h2, .mrd-footer-light .mrd-footer-menu a, .mrd-footer-light .mrd-footer-legal a { color: var(--mrd-text); }
.mrd-footer-dark { background: #111827; }

/* Login and registration */
.mrd-auth-bare .mrd-content { display: flex; }
.mrd-asp { display: grid; grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 5fr) minmax(0, 7fr); min-height: 100vh; width: 100%; }
.mrd-asp-brand { background: var(--mrd-primary); color: var(--mrd-on-primary); }
.mrd-asp-brand-in { position: sticky; top: 0; min-height: 100vh; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 32px; padding: 36px clamp(24px, 4vw, 64px); }
.mrd .mrd-asp-back { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 8px; color: var(--mrd-on-primary); font-weight: 600; text-decoration: none; }
.mrd .mrd-asp-back:hover { color: var(--mrd-on-primary); text-decoration: underline; }
.mrd-asp-mid { flex: 1; display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; gap: 36px; }
.mrd-asp-id { display: flex; gap: 18px; align-items: center; }
.mrd-asp-id .mrd-cover { width: 92px; flex: none; }
.mrd-asp-name { display: block; font-size: 1.6rem; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.2; }
.mrd-asp-id small { display: block; margin-top: 8px; opacity: .85; font-size: .92rem; line-height: 1.5; }
.mrd-asp-why h2 { color: var(--mrd-on-primary); font-size: 1.1rem; margin-bottom: 14px; }
.mrd-asp-why ul { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; display: grid; gap: 14px; }
.mrd-asp-why li { display: flex; gap: 12px; align-items: flex-start; line-height: 1.45; }
.mrd-auth-icon { flex: none; display: inline-flex; width: 22px; height: 22px; }
.mrd-auth-icon svg { width: 22px; height: 22px; fill: none; stroke: currentColor; stroke-width: 1.8; stroke-linecap: round; stroke-linejoin: round; }
.mrd-asp-contact { font-size: .92rem; opacity: .9; }
.mrd-asp-contact a { color: var(--mrd-on-primary); }
.mrd-asp-form { background: var(--mrd-surface); display: flex; justify-content: center; padding: 40px clamp(20px, 4vw, 64px); }
.mrd-asp-form-in { width: 100%; max-width: 600px; }
.mrd-asp-mini { display: none; }
.mrd-asp-form .cmp_breadcrumbs { display: none; }
.mrd-ax-card { background: var(--mrd-white); border: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); padding: clamp(24px, 3vw, 40px); }
.mrd-ax-head h1 { font-size: 1.75rem; font-weight: 700; margin: 0 0 6px; }
.mrd-ax-head p { color: var(--mrd-text-2); }
.mrd-auth-required { font-size: .88rem; color: var(--mrd-muted); }
.mrd-auth .required { color: var(--mrd-accent); }
.mrd-auth .fields { border: 0; padding: 0; margin: 0; display: grid; gap: 14px; }
.mrd-auth-field { position: relative; display: block; }
.mrd-auth-field .mrd-auth-icon { position: absolute; left: 12px; top: 50%; transform: translateY(-50%); color: var(--mrd-muted); }
.mrd .mrd-auth-field input, .mrd .mrd-auth-field select { padding-left: 44px; min-height: 50px; }
.mrd-auth-row { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: center; gap: 12px; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: .95rem; }
.mrd-auth-row label { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 8px; }
.mrd-auth .buttons button { width: 100%; min-height: 50px; display: inline-flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; gap: 10px; background: var(--mrd-primary); color: var(--mrd-on-primary); border: 0; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.05rem; cursor: pointer; }
.mrd-auth .buttons button svg { width: 18px; height: 18px; fill: none; stroke: currentColor; stroke-width: 2; }
.mrd-auth .pkp_form_error { color: #A11; background: #FFF3F3; border: 1px solid #F1C5C5; padding: 10px 14px; margin-bottom: 14px; }
.mrd-auth-message { padding: 10px 14px; background: #FFF6E0; border: 1px solid #F0D9A0; }
.mrd-ax-after { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 20px; margin-top: 24px; }
.mrd-ax-after section { background: var(--mrd-white); border: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); padding: 20px; }
.mrd-ax-after h2 { font-size: 1.05rem; }
.mrd-ax-after p { color: var(--mrd-text-2); font-size: .95rem; }
.mrd-ax-step { padding: 22px 0; border-top: 1px solid var(--mrd-line-2); }
.mrd-ax-step-head { display: flex; gap: 14px; align-items: flex-start; margin-bottom: 14px; }
.mrd-ax-step-head h2 { font-size: 1.1rem; margin: 0 0 2px; }
.mrd-ax-step-head p { margin: 0; color: var(--mrd-muted); font-size: .92rem; }
.mrd-ax-num { flex: none; width: 30px; height: 30px; border-radius: 50%; background: var(--mrd-primary); color: var(--mrd-on-primary); display: inline-flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; font-weight: 700; }
.mrd-auth-pair { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 14px; }
.mrd-auth .fields > div, .mrd-auth .fields label { display: block; }
.mrd-auth .label { font-weight: 500; }
.mrd-auth .checkbox label, .mrd-auth .optin label { display: flex; gap: 10px; align-items: flex-start; }
.mrd-ax-journals { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; display: grid; gap: 10px; }
.mrd-ax-jcard { border: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); padding: 12px 14px; }
.mrd-ax-jcard.is-on { border-color: var(--mrd-primary); box-shadow: inset 3px 0 0 var(--mrd-primary); }
.mrd-ax-jcard.mrd-ax-more.is-hidden { display: none; }
.mrd-ax-jrow { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: center; gap: 12px; flex-wrap: wrap; }
.mrd-ax-jname { font-weight: 600; }
.mrd-ax-jname small { display: block; font-weight: 400; color: var(--mrd-muted); }
.mrd-ax-roles { display: inline-flex; gap: 8px; flex-wrap: wrap; align-items: center; }
.mrd-ax-pill { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 6px; padding: 4px 10px; border: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); border-radius: 999px; font-size: .9rem; }
.mrd-ax-jconsent { display: none; margin-top: 10px; font-size: .9rem; }
.mrd-ax-jconsent.context_privacy_visible { display: block; }
.mrd-ax-jtools { display: grid; gap: 8px; margin-bottom: 12px; }
.mrd-ax-jtools[hidden] { display: none; }
.mrd-ax-jcount { margin: 0; color: var(--mrd-muted); font-size: .9rem; }
.mrd-ax-showall { margin-top: 10px; background: none; border: 0; color: var(--mrd-primary); font-weight: 600; cursor: pointer; padding: 6px 0; }
.mrd-auth fieldset { border: 0; padding: 0; margin: 0; min-width: 0; }
.mrd-auth .fields > fieldset + fieldset { margin-top: 14px; }
/*
 * Narrower screens.
 */
@media (max-width: 1180px) {
    .mrd-shelf { grid-template-columns: repeat(4, minmax(0, 1fr)); }
    .mrd-mgrid { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) 56px; }
    .mrd-mgrid > .mrd-mtoc { display: none; }
    .mrd-art-mdpi:not(.mrd-art-tf) .mrd-mgrid { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) 280px; }
    .mrd-subject-list { grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr)); }
    .mrd-tips dl { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)); }
    .mrd-masthead-inner { grid-template-columns: auto minmax(0, 1fr); }
    .mrd-masthead-actions { grid-column: 2; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; min-width: 0; }
    .mrd-masthead-actions .mrd-btn { width: auto; }
}

/* Header becomes a menu button */
@media (max-width: 1024px) {
    .mrd-header-inner, .mrd-context-publisher .mrd-header-inner { flex-wrap: nowrap; min-height: 72px; padding-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; }
    .mrd-nav-toggle { display: inline-block; flex: none; }
    .mrd-header-nav, .mrd-context-publisher .mrd-header-nav {
        display: none; position: absolute; left: 0; right: 0; top: 100%; z-index: 70; flex-direction: column; align-items: stretch;
        background: var(--mrd-white); border-top: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); box-shadow: 0 16px 32px rgba(15, 20, 35, .14); padding: 12px var(--mrd-gutter) 20px;
    }
    .mrd-header-nav.is-open { display: flex; }
    .mrd-menu { flex-direction: column; align-items: stretch; gap: 0; }
    .mrd-menu > li { border-bottom: 1px solid var(--mrd-line-2); }
    .mrd-menu a { display: flex; padding: 13px 0; white-space: normal; }
    .mrd-menu li > ul { display: block; position: static; box-shadow: none; border: 0; padding: 0 0 8px 14px; min-width: 0; }
    .mrd-header-actions { flex-direction: column; align-items: stretch; padding-top: 14px; }
    .mrd-header-search { width: 100%; }
    .mrd-brand-logo { height: 44px; }

    .mrd-hero-inner { grid-template-columns: 1fr; padding-top: 40px; padding-bottom: 48px; }
    .mrd-hero-covers { display: none; }
    .mrd-research-grid, .mrd-journal-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
    .mrd-research-aside { position: static; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(260px, 1fr)); }
    .mrd-journal-main { max-width: none; }
    .mrd-results-layout { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 28px; }
    .mrd-filters { order: 2; }
    .mrd-finder-layout { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
    .mrd-finder-form { position: static; }
    .mrd-doc-layout { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 24px; }
    .mrd-doc-nav { position: static; }
    .mrd-art-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
    .mrd-art-mdpi:not(.mrd-art-tf) .mrd-mgrid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
    .mrd-mh3-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; }
    .mrd-mh2-inner { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
    .mrd-mh2-brand { justify-content: flex-start; }
    .mrd-mh2-brand-inner { max-width: none; padding-right: var(--mrd-gutter); }
    .mrd-footer-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; }
    .mrd-asp { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
    .mrd-asp-brand { display: none; }
    .mrd-asp-mini { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 6px; margin-bottom: 18px; }
    .mrd-content.has-blocks { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
}

@media (max-width: 860px) {
    .mrd-shelf { grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr)); }
    .mrd-acard-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
    .mrd-acard.is-featured.has-image { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
    .mrd-acard.is-featured .mrd-acard-image { order: -1; max-width: 420px; }
    .mrd-subject-list { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)); }
    .mrd-audience-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 24px; }
    .mrd-advanced-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; }
    .mrd-issue-shelf { grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr)); }
    .mrd-journal-nav-inner { flex-direction: column; align-items: stretch; padding-bottom: 12px; }
    .mrd-journal-menu { overflow-x: auto; flex-wrap: nowrap; gap: 0 24px; scrollbar-width: none; }
    .mrd-journal-menu::-webkit-scrollbar { display: none; }
    .mrd-journal-search { width: 100%; }
    .mrd-insights-row, .mrd-insights-full .mrd-insights-row { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
    .modern-info-row { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 2px; }
    .mrd-mh3-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
}

@media (max-width: 640px) {
    :root { --mrd-gutter: 16px; }
    body.mrd { font-size: 15.5px; }
    .mrd-topbar-text { display: none; }
    .mrd-topbar-inner { justify-content: flex-end; }
    .mrd-brand-tagline { display: none; }
    .mrd-brand-logo { height: 38px; }
    .mrd-shelf { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: 28px 16px; }
    .mrd-shelf-item h3 { font-size: 1.05rem; }
    .mrd-search { display: grid; grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) auto; }
    .mrd .mrd-search select { grid-column: 1 / -1; width: 100%; border-radius: var(--mrd-radius) var(--mrd-radius) 0 0; border-bottom: 0; }
    .mrd .mrd-search input { border-left: 1px solid #B9BEC8; border-radius: 0 0 0 var(--mrd-radius); }
    .mrd-search button { padding: 0 18px; border-radius: 0 0 var(--mrd-radius) 0; }
    .mrd-tmeta > span + span::before { margin: 0 10px; }
    .mrd-hero-facts ul { gap: 8px 32px; }
    .mrd-section { padding: 40px 0; }
    .mrd-subject-list { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
    .mrd-masthead-inner { grid-template-columns: 84px minmax(0, 1fr); gap: 16px; padding-top: 22px; padding-bottom: 22px; }
    .mrd-masthead-cover { width: 84px; }
    .mrd-masthead-actions { grid-column: 1 / -1; }
    .mrd-masthead-actions .mrd-btn { flex: 1 1 160px; }
    .mrd-masthead-meta { gap: 2px 18px; font-size: .92rem; }
    .mrd-dir-item { grid-template-columns: 72px minmax(0, 1fr); gap: 16px; }
    .mrd-results-toolbar { flex-direction: column; align-items: flex-start; }
    .mrd-advanced-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
    .mrd-tips dl { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
    .mrd-article-summary { flex-direction: column; }
    .mrd-article-cover { flex-basis: auto; max-width: 160px; }
    .mrd-issue-head { flex-direction: column; }
    .mrd-issue-cover { flex-basis: auto; max-width: 180px; }
    .mrd-issue-shelf { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)); }
    .mrd-mgrid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 16px; }
    .mrd-trail { position: fixed; top: auto; bottom: 14px; right: 14px; left: 14px; z-index: 60; flex-direction: row; justify-content: center; gap: 6px; padding: 8px; background: var(--mrd-white); border: 1px solid var(--mrd-line); box-shadow: var(--mrd-shadow); border-radius: 999px; }
    .mrd-trail a { width: 42px; height: 42px; }
    .mrd-article-page { padding-bottom: 110px; }
    .mrd-thead, .mrd-mhead { text-align: left; }
    .mrd-tmeta, .mrd-art-badges, .mrd-mactions, .mrd-tactions { justify-content: flex-start; }
    .mrd-mbar-title { max-width: 50vw; }
    .mrd-mbar-actions .mrd-mbtn { display: none; }
    .mrd-footer-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
    .mrd-ax-after, .mrd-auth-pair { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
    .mrd-reviewer-list { columns: 1; }
    .mrd-finder-item { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
    .mrd-ann-summary { flex-direction: column; }
    .mrd-category-about { flex-direction: column; }
}

@media print {
    .mrd-topbar, .mrd-header, .mrd-band, .mrd-journal-nav, .mrd-footer, .mrd-trail, .mrd-mtoc, .mrd-mbar, .mrd-tdrawer, .mrd-journal-aside { display: none !important; }
    .mrd-mgrid { display: block; }
    body.mrd { font-size: 11pt; }
}

@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
    *, *::before, *::after { transition: none !important; animation: none !important; scroll-behavior: auto !important; }
}